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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #1: Cell Biology VII > Flashcards

Exam #1: Cell Biology VII Flashcards

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1
Q

When is the nucleolus best viewed?

A

In a euchromatic cell

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2
Q

NO

A
  • Nuclear Organizer
  • Lightly stained
  • Contains DNA that is used to transcribe mRNA that is used for the formation of ribosomal subunits (rRNA)
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3
Q

PF

A
  • Pars Fibrosa

- Early packaging of ribosomal subunits

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4
Q

PG

A
  • Pars Granulosa

- Maturing of ribosomal subunits

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5
Q

NAC

A

Nucleolus Associated Chromatin

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6
Q

Nucleostemin

A
  • p53 binding protein
  • Found in undifferentiated cells
  • Decreases as cells become more differentiated
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7
Q

What is the relationship between nucleostemin & cancer?

A
  • Nucleostemin binds p53
  • Blocks DNA damage checkpoint
  • Allows progression through the cell cycle unchecked
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8
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A

1) G1
2) S
3) G2
4) M

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9
Q

What is the S-phase checkpoint?

A

DNA Damage

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10
Q

What is the G2 checkpoint?

A

DNA Damage

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11
Q

G0

A
  • Normal resting cell state

- Long-lived cells spend a long time in this phase

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12
Q

Centriole Duplication

A
  • Starts in G1
  • Continues in S
  • Completed in G2 so there are two pairs of centrioles
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13
Q

What are the important drivers of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

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14
Q

When does the replication of chromosomes occur?

A

S-phase

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15
Q

In G1 how many chromosome are there?

A

23

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16
Q

In G2 how many chromosomes are there?

A

46 (referred to as chromatids)

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17
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

Separation of homologous chromatids

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18
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
19
Q

What is the functional outcome of mitosis?

A
  • Transition from one nucleus to two nuclei
  • Mitosis alone does not include cell division
  • It is normal to have cells that are tetraploid
20
Q

What is an example of a normal tetraploid cell?

A

Cardiac muscle cell

21
Q

Prohpase

A
  • Nuclear envelope intact
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell
  • Chromosomes condensed
22
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Initiated by phosphorylation of lamins & disassembly of nuclear envelope
23
Q

What drugs inhibit mitosis, and how?

A
  • Colchicine (Gout)
  • Vincristine (Cancer)
  • Vinblastine (Cancer)

Inhibit polymerization of microtubules

24
Q

What drug promotes polymerization & inhibits depolymerization of microtubules?

A

Taxol

25
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids aligned in the center of the cell

26
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends if the cell

27
Q

What needs to occur for separation of the chromatids to occur?

A
  • Cohesion complexes must be digested

- Initiated by APC

28
Q

APC

A
  • Anaphase promoting complex

- Activated Separase

29
Q

Separase

A
  • Enzyme that cleaves cohesion complexes

- Allows for separation of chromatids in anaphase

30
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromatids at opposite sides of the cell

- Nuclear envelope reassembles

31
Q

What types of filaments interact at the cleavage furrow for cytokinesis?

A

Actin & Myosin

32
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Contraction of actin & myosin at the contractile ring causes a narrowing & pinching off of the single cell to make two cell

33
Q

Cytochalasin B

A

Inhibits polymerization of actin microfilaments & thereby prevent cytokinesis

34
Q

Telomeres

A
  • Sequence of DNA on the end of the chromosome
  • Some lost with each round of somatic cell division
  • Germ-cells do not lose
35
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that maintains telomere length

36
Q

What is the relationship between telomerase & cancer?

A

Cancer cells express telomerase & therefore can divide indefinitely

37
Q

Necrosis

A
  • Violent mechanism of cell death
  • Cell fragments/ explodes & exposes antigenic material to immune system
  • Causes an immune response/ inflammation
38
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Programmed Cell Death

- Eliminates itself non-violently without activation of inflammatory response

39
Q

What eliminates apoptotic bodies?

A

Phagocytosis

40
Q

What side of the cell membrane is phosphatidylserine normally located on, and how is this related to apoptosis?

A
  • Normally on the cytosolic monolayer

- Flipping to the extracellular monolayer marks the cell of apoptosis

41
Q

Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

A
  • Involved in cell injury
  • Pro-apoptotic factors triggered that influence the mitochondria
  • Cytochrome C released
42
Q

Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

A
  • Receptor on the cell membrane activated (death receptor

- E.g. TNFR & TNF ligand, Fas & Fas Ligand on Cytotoxic T- Lymphocyte

43
Q

FasL Counterattack

A
  • Cells becoming cancerous express Fas Ligand
  • Interact with immune cell, FasR
  • Therefore, kill off cells that were intended to kill them
44
Q

Estrogen & Anti-apoptotic effects

A
  • Estrogen decreases after menopause
  • Normally phosphorylates Bad & inactivates it
  • Bad-P does not kill osteoblasts
  • Non-phosphorylated Bad kills osteoblasts
  • Leads to a decrease of osteoblasts & osteoporosis

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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