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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #2: Nerve > Flashcards

Exam #2: Nerve Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron

A

Basic structural & functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What type of neuron has an angular cell body?

A

Multipolar

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3
Q

What type of neuron has an ovoid cell body?

A

Bipolar

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4
Q

What type of neuron has a spherical cell body?

A

Pseudo-unipolar

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5
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cell body

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6
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A
  • Most common type of neuron in the body
  • Euchromatic nucleus (protein synthesis is constant)
  • Dark nucleolus
  • Nissil bodies
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7
Q

Nissil Bodies

A

Stacks of rER that look like clumps

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8
Q

Microtubules

A

Skeleton of the neuron

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9
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Muscles of the neuron b/c of contractile properties

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10
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • Proximal end of the axon
  • Funnel-shaped
  • Pale staining b/c lacking rER
  • Contains microtubules & microfilaments
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11
Q

Lipofuscin

A
  • Old degenerated plasma membrane that cannot be fully degraded by lysosomes & accumulates in the cytoplasm
  • Accumulates with age
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12
Q

Neuromelanin

A

Byproduct of DA synthesis (Substantia Nigra)

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Increase the receptive surface area of the neuron

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14
Q

Terminal Bouton

A

Swollen dilated portions of the axon in with presynaptic terminals

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15
Q

Initial Segment

A

Part of the axon where the nerve terminal is generated

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16
Q

Myelin

A
  • Increases conduction velocity

- Insulates axons

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17
Q

Does the axon contain rER?

A

NO!

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18
Q

Anterograde Transport

A
  • Flow of substances away from the cell body
  • Kinesin micotubule motor protein
  • Slow= No ATP
  • Fast= ATP
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19
Q

What substances are transported via slow anterograde transport?

A
  • Tubulin
  • Actin
  • Neurofilament proteins
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20
Q

Retrograde Transport

A
  • Flow of substances from the axon terminal to the cell body
  • Dynein mitrotubule motor protein
  • Fast Transport only (ATP)
  • Viruses & toxins
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21
Q

What substances are transported via fast retorgrade transport?

A
  • sER
  • Vesicles
  • Mitochondria
  • Amino Acids
  • Sugars
  • Nucleotides
  • Ca++
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22
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A
  • Associated with the special senses (vision, hearing, balance, smell)
  • Dendrite in the periphery
  • Axon terminates in brainstem
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23
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A
  • Cell body is located in sensory ganglia
  • Axon terminal is in the brainstem
  • E.g. Cranial Nerves
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24
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory (toward)

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25
Q

Efferent

A

Motor (away)

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26
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Start shaped with astrocytic feet that cover the surface of capillaries
  • Form the BBB
  • Form scar tissue in response to a lesion
  • Monitor ionic & chemical composition of the CSF
27
Q

Microglia

A
  • Phagocytic cells of the nervous system

- Derived from monocytes

28
Q

Astrocytoma

A
  • Most common type of brain tumor
  • Arises from astrocytes
  • Deforms ventricles
29
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Type of neuroglia that lines the ventricles

30
Q

Ependymoma

A
  • Tumor of the 4th ventricle that compresses the surrounding structures
  • Rare type of tumor that arises from ependymal cells
31
Q

Unmyelinated axon in the CNS

A

“naked”

32
Q

Unmyelinated axon in the PNS

A

Sit in a Schwann cell groove

33
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Myelinate axons in the CNS

- 3 foot-like processes myeliante 3 axons

34
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • Myelinate axons in the PNS

- Myelinate 1-to-1

35
Q

Myelin

A
  • Fatty & white b/c of lipid content (Lipoprotein)

- NOT secreted; rather, wraps around the axons

36
Q

Internode

A

Myelinated portion of an axons

37
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gap between two internodes

38
Q

Clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman

A

Schwann cell cytoplasm that gets trapped in the concentric layers of the call membrane myelinating the axon

39
Q

Endoneurium

A
  • Connective tissue surrounding individual axons in the PNS

- Contains collagen

40
Q

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a fascile in the PNS

41
Q

Epineurium

A
  • Connective tissue surrounding an entire nerve in the PNS
  • Dense irregular collagenous tissue sleeve
  • Contains blood & lymphatic vessels
42
Q

Papilledema

A

Swelling of the optic disc

43
Q

Optic Neuritis

A

Inflammation of the optic nerve

  • Presents with papilledema
  • Most common cause is MS
44
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Autoantibodies generated against oligodendrocytes

- Triggered by oligodendrogliopathy

45
Q

Nucleus

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS

46
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • Cerebellar Cortex & Cerebral Cortex
  • Nuclei deep to Cerebral Cortex
  • Nerve cell bodies
47
Q

White Matter

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Tracts
  • Nerve cell axons
48
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

49
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

50
Q

Voluntary Nervous System

A

Brain, spinal cord, motor neurons in peripheral nerves

51
Q

Involuntary Nervous System

A

ANS

52
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Thoracolumbar outflow

- T1–>L2-3

53
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Craniosacral outflow
54
Q

Axodendritic

A
  • most common type of synapse

- axon terminal & dendrite

55
Q

Axosomatic

A

Synapse between an axon terminal & membrane of a cell body

56
Q

Axoaxonic

A
  • Least frequent type of synapse

- Synapse between two axon terminals

57
Q

Kiss & Run

A

Brief attachment & release of only a portion of the contents of a vesicle

58
Q

Collapse

A

Vesicle attaches & completely empties all of its contents into the synaptic cleft

59
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A

1) Choroid Plexus
2) 2x lateral ventricles
3) 3rd Ventricle
4) Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
5) 4th Ventricle
6) Most leaks into the subarachnoid space
7) Remainder goes into the central canal of the spinal cord

60
Q

Arachnoid Granulation

A

Many arachnoid villi

61
Q

Anterograde Changes in Response to Injury

A
  • Distal segment of axon degenerates
  • Elimination of debris by phagocytic cells (Schwann cells & macrophages)
  • Schwann cells form tunnels for the axon sprouts to go through
62
Q

Retrograde Changes in Response to Injury

A
  • Swelling of the cell body
  • Chromatolysis (Nissil bodies & rER breakdown/ nucleus moves aside)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Nucleus moves back
  • Axon sprouts
63
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

White Matter

64
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

A

Gray Matter

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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