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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #1: Epithelial Tissue I & II > Flashcards

Exam #1: Epithelial Tissue I & II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three cell domains of the epithelium?

A
  • Apical
  • Lateral
  • Basal
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2
Q

What is the epithelial sheet anchored to?

A

Basal Lamina

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3
Q

What is the only type of epithelium that is vascular?

A
  • Stria Vascularis
  • Located in the cochlear duct
  • Produces endolymph
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4
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

One layer w/ all the cells residing on the basement membrane

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5
Q

Stratified Epithelia

A
  • 2 or more strata (layers)

- Only the deepest cells reside on the basement membrane

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6
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A
  • All cells reside on the basement membrane

- Nuclei are located at various levels giving a stratified appearance

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7
Q

Transitional Epithelia

A
  • Urothelium

- Transitions from cuboidal (relaxed) to sqamous when bladder is distended

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8
Q

Keratinized

A

Outer layer of cells is dead

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9
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelia?

A

1) BBB
2) Filtration
3) Exchange

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10
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelia found?

A
  • Blood vessels (lining, called endothelium)
  • Mesothelium (abdominal cavity)
  • Alveolus
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11
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

1) Absorption
2) Secretion
3) Barrier
4) Conduit

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12
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelia located?

A
  • Thyroid Follicles
  • Renal Tubules
  • Ducts of glands
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13
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia?

A

1) Absorption
2) Secretion
3) Barrier

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14
Q

Where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia located?

A
  • Stomach

- Intestines

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15
Q

Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelia located?

A

Uterine Tubes (helps transport ovulated oocyte)

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16
Q

What are the functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

1) Secretion
2) Absorption
3) Barrier
4) Transport

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17
Q

Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia located?

A
  • Trachea (will have very thick basement membrane)
  • Bronchi
  • Ducts of male reproductive system (steriocilia)
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18
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

1) Barrier

2) Protection

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19
Q

Where is nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelia located?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Distal anal canal
  • Vagina
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20
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelia located?

A

Epidermis

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21
Q

Keratin pearls

A
  • Hallmark of a squamous cell carcinoma

- Whirls of keratin deep in the tissue involved

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Not common
  • ## Present in ducts that are in transition from one epithelial type to another
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23
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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24
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

1) Barrier
2) Protection
3) Distension

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25
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Stages 0-IV
  • Penetrates into the outer layers of the bladder wall
  • The deeper the penetration the higher the grade
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26
Q

Metaplasia

A
  • Epithelium changes from one type to a type that is not normally present (can revert back)
  • E.g. Trachea & smoking
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium turns into stratified squamous, which is more protective
  • Simultaneous loss of mucous clearance
  • Can go back when one stops smoking
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27
Q

Barett’s Esophagus

A
  • GERD
  • Constant reflux causes a metaplasia in the distal esophagus
  • Stratified squamous turns into protective intestinal type cell with mucous production
  • Pre-cancerous
  • V. Difficult to reverse
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28
Q

What are the different types of Cilia?

A

1) Motile
2) Primary (Non-motile)
3) Nodal

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29
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Extensions of the plasma membrane
  • Actin microfilaments insert into terminal web
  • Cross-linked by actin binding proteins & myosin
  • Myosin II present in terminal web, which is motile & causes microvilli to change direction
30
Q

Stereocilia

A
  • DO NOT RESEMBLE CILIA

- Rather, resemble microvilli– called stereovilli

31
Q

Motile Cilium

A
  • 9+2 array of MTs
  • Contain Dynein ATPase
  • Two individual MTs in center
32
Q

Basal Body

A
  • Base of Motile Cilium

- 9x3 of MTs (like centrioles) NOT 9+2

33
Q

Primary Monocilium

A
  • Different MT array 9 doublet WITHOUT 2 in center
  • Chemosensors, osmoreceptors, & mechanoreceptors
  • E.g. kidney & fibroblast
34
Q

Primary cilium & polycystic kidney disease

A
  • Polycystin 1&2 are involved in Ca++ signaling
  • Mutation disrupts signaling and changes orientation of mitotic spindle
  • Results in cyst formation
35
Q

Nodal cilia

A
  • Motile, but MT array is similar to non-motile (9 doublets without two central)
  • Direct fluid flow in primitive node from right to left, establishing left/right axis in body
36
Q

Situs Inversus

A
  • Caused by defect in nodal cilia

- Flipping of internal organ orientation

37
Q

Microvilli fed state

A

Spread apart by the action of myosin II in the terminal web

38
Q

Microvilli in starvation state

A

Close together by the action of myosin II in terminal web

39
Q

Brush Border

A
  • Well developed microvilli

- Contains a carbohydrate coat that is Pas + (glycocalyx)

40
Q

Stereocilia/ stereovilli

A
  • Elongated microvilli
  • Actin microfilaments
  • Actin binding proteins
  • Terminal web
41
Q

Where are stereocilia located?

A
  • Male reproductive ducts

- Hair cells in the inner ears (sensory epithelium)

42
Q

Kartagener’s Triad

A

1) Chronic sinusitis
2) Bronchiectasis
3) Situs inversus

  • Caused by defective cilia
43
Q

Zonulae Occludens

A
  • Tight Junctions
  • Most apical junctional complexes
  • Go around the circumference of the cell
44
Q

Zonulae Adherens

A
  • Just basal to the zonulae occludentes or tight junctions

- Go around the circumference of the cell

45
Q

Maculae Adherens

A
  • “Spot connection” known as desmosome

- Basal to the Zonula Adherens

46
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Also called nexus
  • Communicating junctions
  • Pores when open
47
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • Base of the cell

- Connect the cell to the underlying basal lamina

48
Q

General Structure of a Junctional Complex

A

1) Cytoskeletal Elements
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)

49
Q

Intracellular Anchor Proteins

A

Link between cytoskeletal element & CAM

50
Q

Structure of the Zonulae Occludens

A

1) Cytoskeletal Element= Actin
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins= ZO proteins (1, 2, &3)
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM, transmembrane)= Occludin & Claudin, form a tight connection between cell membranes

51
Q

H. Pylori & Tight Junctions

A
  • Disrupt tight junctions in stomach

- Epithelial cells more susceptible to injury

52
Q

What are the different disease states that can be caused by claudin mutations?

A
  • Loss of Mg++ in urine
  • Brain Cancer
  • Deafness
53
Q

What part of the tight junction does the Cholera toxin disrupt?

A

ZO protein, intracellular anchor protein

54
Q

Occludin/ Claudin Ratio

A
  • High Occludin= non-permeable (E.g. BBB)

- High Claudin= permeable

55
Q

How do tight junctions form functional polarity?

A
  • Restrict the movement of membrane domains

- E.g. Na+/ GLUT transporter

56
Q

Zonula Adherens Structure

A

1) Cytoskeletal Elements= Actin
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins= Catenin & Vinculin
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)= E-Cadherin

57
Q

Macula Adherens Structure

A

Desmosome

1) Cytoskeletal Elements= Intermediate Filament
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)= Desmocollin & Desmoglein

58
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Pink spinous like projects
  • Acidophilic
  • Points of contact between cells
59
Q

Pemphigus

A
  • Blistering skin disorder

- Caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (CAM of desmosome)

60
Q

Focal Adhesions Structure

A

1) Cytoskeletal Elements= Actin
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins= Vinculin, Paxillin, & Talin
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)= Integrin

61
Q

Integrin

A

CAM that makes focal contacts with ECM (Fibronectin)

62
Q

Hemidesmosome Structure

A

1) Cytoskeletal Elements= Intermediate Filaments
2) Intracellular Anchor Proteins
3) Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)= Integrin, Type XVII

63
Q

Bullous Pemphigoid

A
  • Blistering Skin Disorder

- Caused by autoantibodies against Type XVII collagen (CAM of Hemidesmosome)

64
Q

Gap Junction Structure

A
  • 6x Connexins (transmembrane) form a Connexon

- Connexons oppose each other

65
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A
  • Cardiac muscle cells
66
Q

What are the consequences of mutations in connexons?

A
  • Female infertility
  • Neuropathy
  • Deafness
  • Congenital Cataracts
  • Cardiac Arrhythmias
67
Q

Stippled Epithelial Cells from Vagina

A

Bacterial Vaginal Infection

68
Q

What is the first step in malignant transformation & metastasis?

A

Invasion of basement membrane

69
Q

What does invasion of basement membrane require in malignancy?

A

Loosening of junctional complexes

70
Q

Loosening of junctional complexes

A
  • Cadherin (CAM) loss is most common
  • Catenin mutation
  • Integrin mutation

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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