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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #1: Medical Applications of Tissue Processing & Examination > Flashcards

Exam #1: Medical Applications of Tissue Processing & Examination Flashcards

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1
Q

7 Steps of Tissue Preparation for Light Microscopy

A

1) Fixation
2) Dehydration
3) Clearing
4) Embedding
5) Sectioning
6) Mounting
7) Staining

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2
Q

Fixation (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Preserve normal tissue after death

- Formalin &Glutaraldehyde

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3
Q

Dehydration (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Remove water from tissue specimen

- Graded series of ethanol (50-100%)

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4
Q

Clearing (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Prepare the tissue for embedding

- Xylene

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5
Q

Embedding (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Infiltrate w/ Parafin so that it can be sectioned
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6
Q

Sectioning (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Tissue is cut into sections w/ microtome
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7
Q

Mounting (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Sections placed on glass slide
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8
Q

Staining (Purpose & Reagent)

A
  • Provides contrast to tissue structures for visualization
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9
Q

Acid Dye

A

Net negative charge

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10
Q

Basic Dye

A

Net positive charge

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11
Q

Acidophilic

A
  • Cellular structures w/ a net positive charge

- Have affinity for negatively charged dye

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12
Q

Basophilic

A
  • Cellular structures w/ a net negative charge

- Have affinity for positively charged dye

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13
Q

Metachromasia

A

Phenomenon in which a stain imparts different colors to a tissue in a density dependent manner

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14
Q

Hematoxlyin (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • RNA, DNA, ribosome, & ER affinity
  • Stains Blue
  • Basic
  • Coagulative Necrosis
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15
Q

Eosin (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Secretory Vesicles, sER, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Type I Collagen
  • Stains Pink
  • Acid
  • Coagulative Necrosis
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16
Q

Feulgen Reaction (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • DNA (Both Nuclear & Mitochondrial)
  • Stains Magenta

-Nuclear changes in Cancer

17
Q

Mallory Triple (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A

Dye Cocktail that stains a spectrum of colors:

  • Nuclei= Red
  • Muscle= Red to Orange
  • Collagen= Blue
  • Hyaline Cartilage= Blue

-Fibrosis

18
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Reaction (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Magenta
  • Thickened basement membranes in kidney disease
  • Glycogen Storage Disease (Liver)
  • Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Disease (Emphysema)
19
Q

Osmic Acid (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Lipids

- Black

20
Q

Verhoeff (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Elastic Fibers
  • Black
  • Elastic Fibers in Marfan Syndrome
21
Q

Silver Methods (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Intermediate Filaments of Nerve Cells, Glial Cells, Reticular Fibers
  • Black
22
Q

Trypan Blue (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Stains Macrophages in “Vital Tissue”

- Blue

23
Q

Prussian Blue (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Hemosiderin (Ferric Iron)
  • Blue

-Excessive iron in hemochromatosis

24
Q

Nissil (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Ribosomes

- Blue

25
Q

Iron Hematoxylin (1. What does it stain? 2. What color? 3. Clinical Application?)

A
  • Nuclear Elements, Chromosomes, Mitochondria, Centrioles & Muscle Striation
  • Dark blue to black
26
Q

Congo Red

A

Amyloid Deposits (e.g. Alzheimer’s Disease)

27
Q

Frozen Tissue Section

A
  • Preparation method when tissue examination is urgent

- Results in thicker slices with less detail

28
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A
  • Technique that uses tagged antibody as a marker directed to a specific antigen
  • Direct & Indirect
29
Q

Direct Immunocytochemistry

A
  • Less sensitive w/ fewer antibodies

- Marker associated w/ antibody

30
Q

Indirect Immunocytochemistry

A
  • More sensitive w/ more antibodies that amplify the signal

- Marker associated with antibody to antigen/antibody complex

31
Q

Clinical Utility of Immunocytochemistry

A
  • Categorization of Tumor Origin e.g. Cytokeratins (Epithelial) & D2-40 (Lymph)
  • Breast Cancer e.g. Estrogen Receptor, HER2/neu, & Carinoembryonic Antigen
32
Q

In situ hybridization

A
  • Uses complementary nucleic acid probes to specifically identify a nuclei acid sequence
  • When probe has a fluorescent maker, called FISH
33
Q

Clinical Utility of In situ hybridizatyion

A
  • Id. cell infected w/ virus e.g. HPV
  • Id. specific genes on a chromosome e.g. BRCA1 & 2
  • Detection of gene amplification e.g. Myc & HER2/neu

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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