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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #2: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Exam #2: Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Migratory Cells in Connective Tissue

A
  • Plasma Cells

- Leukocytes (Neutrophils & Monocytes)

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2
Q

Fixed Cells in Connective Tissue

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Myofibroblasts
  • Adipocytes
  • Mast Cells
  • Macrophages
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3
Q

What are the four functions of connective tissue?

A

1) Structure
2) Defense/ Protection
3) Nutrition
4) Cushion & Insulation

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4
Q

What is the most undifferentiated type of a connective tissue cell? What are they derived from?

A
  • Undifferentiated mesenchymal cell

- Mesoderm & neural crest cells

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5
Q

What cell types can an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell become?

A
  • Chondroblast = cartilage
  • Adipocyte= Fat
  • Fibroblast= Collagen/ ECM
  • Osteoblast= Bone
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6
Q

Characteristics of an Active Fibroblast

A
  • Euchromatic nucleus
  • rER= very intense basophilic cytoplasm
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Many processes that increase SA
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7
Q

Characteristics of an Inactive Fibroblast

A
  • Decreased volume
  • Less rER
  • Less robust Golgi
  • Heterochromatic nucleus
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8
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on fibroblasts?

A
  • Cortisol decreases the activity of fibroblasts & decreased synthesis of connective tissue elements
  • Degradation of connective tissue elements including bone (osteoporosis)
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9
Q

How do the nuclei of inactive fibroblasts differ from active fibroblasts?

A

Inactive fibroblasts have a very prominent basophilic nucleus because they are heterochromatic

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10
Q

How do fibroblasts change in wound healing?

A

1) Much more active
2) Greater tendency to divide
3) Light (euchromatic) & more spherical nucleus
4) Multinucleated
5) More robust cytoplasm

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11
Q

What important steps of collagen formation occur in the rER?

A

1) Formation of triple helix

2) Vitamin C dependent hydroxylation of prolyl & lysyl residues (Scurvy)

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12
Q

What is the function of collagen pro-peptides?

A

Maintain the solubility of the structure

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13
Q

What contains the procollagen peptidases that cleave pro-collagen into collagen?

A

ECM

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14
Q

Myofibroblast

A
  • Possess characteristics of fibroblast & smooth muscle
  • Contains actin & myosin for contractile activity
  • Become more numerous in wound healing
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15
Q

Dupuytren’s Contracture

A
  • Microvascular ischemia of the palmar aponeurosis leads to increased activity of fibroblasts & myofibroblasts
  • Increased type III collagen synthesis occurs
  • Type III collagen cross links with myofibroblasts
  • Type III collagen/ myofibroblast cross-links lead to contracture of digits 4 &5
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16
Q

How do white adipocytes appear in a micrograph?

A
  • As signet rings (the large space is where the lipid droplet was)
  • Nucleus is located in the periphery
  • Stippling seen is vimentin
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17
Q

What is vimentin?

A

Intermediate filament of adipocytes

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18
Q

Leptin

A
  • Hormone synthesized by adipocytes that indicates satiety

- Mutation in leptin leads to morbid obesity

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19
Q

Lipodystrophy

A
  • Disorders that affect the distribution of fat on the body

- Can be caused by a defect in Lamin (intermediate filament associated with the nucleus)

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20
Q

How do brown adipocytes differ from white adipocytes?

A
  • Multilocular (multiple fat droplets per cell) vs. Unilocular
  • Nucleus is centrally located vs. peripheral
  • Acidophilic b/c of a large volume of mitochondria
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21
Q

What is the function of brown fat cells?

A

Production of heat, especially in newborns

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22
Q

What is the signature feature of mast cells?

A

Metachromatic granules

23
Q

Characteristics of Mast Cells

A
  • Metachromatic granules
  • Large centrally located nucleus
  • Packed with secretory granules (histamine, heparin, chemotaxic factors)
24
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilation

25
Q

Leukotryenes

A

Produce bronchoconstriction & incude vaso-permability that is typical of anaphylaxis

26
Q

What induces mast cell to release their contents?

A

Fc Receptor binding to antigen/antibody complex

27
Q

What cell type are macrophages derived from?

A
  • Monocytes

- Monocytes migrate into the connective tissue and morph into macrophages

28
Q

What are the different types of marcophages?

A
  • Microglia (CNS)
  • Kupffer Cells (Liver)
  • Alevolar Macrophages (Lung)
  • Osteoclasts (bone)
29
Q

Characteristics of Macrophages

A
  • Centrally located nucleus with indentation
  • Well developed Golgi
  • Lysosomes
30
Q

Giant Cell

A
  • Fusion of macrophages in response to chronic inflammation

- Horseshoe nuclei appearance in some

31
Q

What are conditions that would cause chronic inflammation?

A
  • IBS
  • TB
  • Arthritis
  • Autoimmune Disorders
32
Q

What cell type do plasma cells originate from?

A

B-lymphocytes

33
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

Secretion of antibodies

34
Q

Characteristics of Plasma Cells

A
  • Basophilic cytoplasm (rER synthesizing antibodies)
  • Clock Face Nucleus (Euchromatin central, Heterchromatin peripheral)
  • Large Negative Golgi (packaging antibodies)
  • NO SECRETORY VESICLES (constitutive release of antibodies)
35
Q

Describe the leukocyte response to inflammation of heart tissue.

A

1st wave= neutrophils in the first day

2nd wave= monocytes that become macrophages on second day

36
Q

What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A

1) Mesenchyme

2) Mucous

37
Q

What are the types of proper connective tissue?

A

1) Loose (areolar)

2) Dense, which can be regular or irregular

38
Q

What are the different types of specialized connective tissue?

A

1) Adipose
2) Reticular
3) Cartilage
4) Bone
5) Blood

39
Q

Mesenchymal Connective Tissue

A

Least differentiated form of connective tissue

Contains:

  • Fibroblasts
  • Type III Collagen (Reticular Fibers)
  • Ground Substance
40
Q

How does mucous connective tissue differ from mesenchymal connective tissue?

A
  • More differentiated

- Contains Type I & Type III Collagen vs. Type III only

41
Q

Where is loose/ areolar connective tissue found?

A

Immediately deep to the epithelium & surrounding blood vessels

42
Q

Structure of Loose CT

A
  • Loose array of Type I Collagen
  • Reticular Fibers/ Type III Collagen
  • Elastic Fibers
  • Many cell types seen
43
Q

Where is dense regular collagenous connective tissue found?

A

Tendons & Ligaments

44
Q

Structure of Dense Regular Collagenous CT

A
  • Type I Collagen arranged parallel (densely)
  • Elongated nuclei of fibroblasts seen occasionally
  • Don’t see many cell types b/c of tight collagen packing
45
Q

What is the hallmark feature of mucoid degeneration of the ACL on MRI?

A

“Celery Stalk” Appearance

46
Q

Where is dense regular elastic connective tissue found?

A
  • Ligamentum flava
  • Suspensory Ligament of the Penis
  • Vocal Ligament
47
Q

Structure of Dense Regular Elastic CT

A
  • Elastin forms sheets of membranes
  • Few collagen fibers are found
  • Fibroblasts are trapped between
48
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A
  • Organ capsulses
  • Dermis of skin
  • Around sleeves of nerves
49
Q

Structure of Dense Irregular CT

A
  • Type I Collagen packed along different axes
  • Elastic fibers interspersed
  • Scattered Fibroblasts
50
Q

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome

A

Defect in Type I Collagen

51
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A
  • Red bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Lymphatic Tissues/ Organs
52
Q

Xanthoma

A

Accumulation of lipid in tissue

53
Q

How would a xanthoma appear histologically?

A
  • Foam cells

- Macrophages that attempt to rid the body of cholesterol take on a foam-like appearance

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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