Exam 3- Alterations Of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal Control mechanisms.
Interior pituitary adenoma
Usually causes hypersecretion of hormones from the adenoma it’s self and hyposecretion of hormones from the surrounding pituitary cells.
Gestational diabetes
Increased risk for type two diabetes later in life.
Dawn phenomenon
In type one diabetes. Higher blood glucose in the early morning then in the middle of the night.
Cretinism
Caused by untreated congenital hypothyroidism.
Autoimmune diabetes
Also called type 1A diabetes. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Type I DM
A deficit in insulin and amylin, and a relative excess of glucagon.
Patients have severe insolent efficiency, and they have excessive that break down and make Kito asses faster than the body can remove them.
Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, hyperglycemia, glycosuria.
Microvascular disease
Refers to destruction of capillaries in diabetes.
Macrovascular disease
Accelerated atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Cushing disease
Characterized by facial flash, moon face, purple straight guy, pendulous abdomen, easy bruising, supraclavicular fat pad, hyperpigmentation, trunk obesity, then extremities.
Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH. Causes a lipolysis and altered fat distribution.
ACTH excess causes hyperpigmentation because excessive MSH is formed as an alternate cleavage product of the same hormone precursor. MSH stimulates production of melatonin, a skin pigment.
Primary endocrine disorder
Is it a target organ problem?
Caused by a problem in the gland that secretes the hormone who’s action is directed toward other tissues rather than to another gland.
Secondary endocrine disorder
Is it a control organ problem? (Pituitary or hypothalamus secreting too much or too little stimulating hormone?)
Caused by a problem with the gland that secretes the hormone who’s target tissues are another gland that it stimulates or suppresses.
Thyrotoxicosis
Effects of having too much thyroid hormone, I seen and hyperthyroidism.
Thyrotoxic crisis
Effects of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, with increased fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or cardiac dysrhythmias.
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Caused by a problem in the hypothalamus of posterior pituitary that decreases ADH release.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Caused by a problem in the kidney itself that causes insensitivity to ADH.
Acromegaly
Occurs with hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults.
Symptoms: enlarged jaw, forhead, tongue, hands, and feet.
Giantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents whose epiphyseal plates have not yet closed, so these long bones are able to grow.
SIADH
Too much ADH from the posterior pituitary. Not diuresing
Symptoms: lethargy, hyponatremia, perhaps seizure, decreased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine.
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms: lethargy, Cold intolerance, hoarseness, non-pitting boggy edema around the eyes, coarse hair, decreased body temperature.
Pheochromocytoma
Hyper function of the adrenal Medela. A constant firing of catecholamines, so a constant fight or flight response.
Tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Symptoms: hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headache, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, constipation.
Adrenal adenoma causing hypersecretion of androgens in women
Viralization: lack of breast development, hirsutism, increased muscle bulk
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, who small breathing, acetone smelt of breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, Ketonuria, glycosuria.
Hypoglycemia
Symptoms: tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor, pallor, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, perhaps seizure.
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Symptoms: hypertension, hypokalemia, increased blood pH, increased urine potassium.
Diabetes insipidus
Not enough ADH. Kidneys make a lot of dilute urine.
Can be neurogenic or nephrogenic in nature.
Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatremia, increased plasma osmolality, large volume of dilute urine.
Addison disease
A primary adrenal insufficiency.
Adrenal gland doesn’t make enough cortisol and aldosterone, two hormones that normally help maintain circulatory volume. Side effects are lightheadedness.
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, hyperkalemia, bronze pigmentation, hypoglycemia, elevated ACTH.
Type II DM
To be sick and Pondens are insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction.
Patients make little insulin, which goes to the liver and decreases the formation of ketoacids.
Pituitary disease
Failure of the hypothalamus to secrete its usual hormones
Dispogenic diabetes insipidus
Excessive water intake that decreases plasma osmolality by overwhelming to ADH mechanisms.
Panhypopituitarism
When necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary causes deficiency of all its hormones.
Prolactinomas
Occur in women. Prolactin secreting tumor’s and the interior pituitary. They cause galactorrhea (milk production not associated with childbirth.)
Hypoglycemia unawareness
A condition in persons with long-standing diabetes who may develop hypoglycemia without the usual sympathetic nervous system manifestations.
Myxedema
Non-pitting boggy edema associated with hypothyroidism.
Myxedema coma
Decreased level of consciousness associated with severe hypothyroidism.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland. A response to increase stimulation by TSH.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid makes too much PTH. Takes calcium out of the bones. Makes bones weak.
Predisposed to kidney stones.
Cushing syndrome
Used for any condition involving chronic exposure to excessive cortisol.
Gastroparesis
A complication of diabetes. Due to autonomic neuropathy. A micro vascular problem.
Diabetic retinopathy
Microvascular disease and hyperglycemia cause it’s beginning of retinal capillary basement membranes, vein dilation, microaneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Progressive retinal ischemia causes and farts. Eventually, new blood vessels in fibrous tissues form within the retina or optic.
Diabetic nephropathy
Kidney damage from diabetes. First manifest as microalbumineria
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism. Involves antibodies against TSH receptor is called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. BTS eyes stimulate TSH receptor’s on the thyrocytes, causing the thyroid it to secrete excess T3 and T4.
Weight-loss with increased appetite. Increased body temperature and tachycardia. Increases metabolic rate.
Exopthalmus
Associated with graves disease. Fibroblast located behind I have TSH receptor’s. Stimulation of these receptors by the TSI auto antibodies causes enlargement of ocular muscles, accumulation of fat, and Edema that push the eyeballs forward.
