Exam 3- Alterations In Erythrocyte Function Flashcards
Reticulocytosis
Increased blood level of immature erythrocytes.
Polycythemia
Increased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes.
Blood can be too thick, causing blood clots.
Relative polycythemia as a result of dehydration after excessive diarrhea. Absolute polycythemia occurs in people who have hypercapnia in COPD.
Anemia
Decreased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes.
Plasma volume increases to compensate, and the blood viscosity decreases, which causes blood flow to be turbulent.
Eryptosis
Premature death of damage and erythrocytes.
Poikilocytosis
Having erythrocytes of different shape.
Anisocytosis
Having erythrocytes of different sizes
Pancytopenia
Decreased number of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Microcytic
Erythrocytes small in size.
Results from defective DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursors.
Macrocytic
Erythrocytes large in size.
Folate deficiency anemia
Lack of folate for erythropoiesis. Premature cell death.
Associated with chronic malnourishment and chronic alcohol abuse. Dietary folate deficiency.
Microcytic-normochromic
Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.
Megoblastic anemis
Indicates that the erythrocytes are macrocytic
Iron deficiency anemia
Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.
Highest occurrence in women during the reproductive years and decreases after menopause. GI bleeds.
Symptoms: pallor, glossitis (tongue loses papillae and looks fissures) and koilonychia (concave, brittle fingernails).
Lactoferrin
Released by neutrophils. Binds iron during bacterial infection, that’s contributing to anemia of chronic disease.
Anemia of chronic kidney disease
A major contributor is deficiency of erythropoietin.
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
Can occur intravascular Lee, such as the hemolysis that occurs from a mismatch blood transfusion.
Congenital hemolytic disorders
Correlated with splenomegaly.
Normocytic-normochromich
Normal MVC and MCHC.
Examples: aplastic anemia, post hemorrhagic anemia, sickle cell anemia. Anemia of chronic disease.
Anemia of chronic disease
Contributors: the release of cytokines during chronic inflammation decrease the availability of iron and inhibit erythroid production; lactoferrin releases neutrophils during bacterial infection, binding to iron.
Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.
Normocytic-normochromic.
Thalassemia
Impaired synthesis of alpha or beta chain of hemoglobin a. Phagocytosis of abnormal erythroblasts in the marrow.
Microcytic-hypochromic. Type of hemolytic anemia. Defect of hemoglobin synthesis.
Sickle cell anemia
Normocytic- normochromic.
Disease of increased erythrocyte distraction.
Pernicious anemia
Lack of vitamin B12 for erythropoiesis. Abnormal DNA and rna synthesis in the erythroblast. Premature cell death.
Cause: congenital or acquired deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF); genetic disorder of DNA synthesis.
Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.
Macrocytic normochromic
Aplastic anemia
An autoimmune disease in which Tc cells damage the HSCs in the bone marrow.
Disease of impaired erythrocyte production. Normocytic – normochromic.
One cause is benzene exposure.
Hypochromic
Lower MCHC (Hgb content)
Symptoms are glossitis (tongue loses papillae and looks fissures) and koilonychia (concave, brittle fingernails).
Hyperchromic
Higher MCHC (Hgb volume)
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Autosomal recessive disorder that causes increased absorption of dietary iron.
May have to have blood removed regularly to decrease liver damage by having too much iron in the blood.
Sideroblastic anemias
Characterized by defective synthesis of gene and may be acquired or hereditary, in which they usually have recessive X-linked transmission.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Involves defects in all lines of HSCs.
Some people may develop leukemia.
Serum ferritin levels
Used to measure iron when diagnosing anemia.
Congenital hemolytic anemia
Caused by intrinsic defects in erythrocytes.
Occurs in the spleen by the action of macrophages.
Acquired hemolytic anemias
Caused by the immune system.
Ex: drug-induced hemolytic anemia from antibiotics usually begins when the anabiotic serves as a hapten binds to erythrocyte proteins. When the drug attaches to the erythrocytes, the body makes antibodies that attached to the red blood cells and mark them for distraction. As a result, too many of them are destroyed by the spleen.
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Acquired. Idiopathic, caused by illness, or drug.
Most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
caused by IgG binding to erythrocytes with subsequent destruction of those erythrocytes in the spleen.
Jaundice
Only occurs from hemolysis when heme destruction exceeds the limits ability to process and excrete bilirubin.
Sickle cell anemia
Type of hemolytic anemia. Defect of hemoglobin synthesis.
