Exam 1- Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology

Question 1

Rigor mortis

Answer 1

Stiffening of the skeletal muscles after death

Question 2

Accidental hypothermia

Answer 2

Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35

Question 3

Autophagy

Answer 3

A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests itself.

Question 4

Caseous necrosis

Answer 4

An area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes. Combination of coagulative and liquifactive
Ex: TB

Question 5

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 5

Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque. Vascular structures.
Ex: kidneys, heart, adrenal glands.

Question 6

Free radical

Answer 6

An atom with an unpaired electron. Uncharged. Unstable because it lost or gained an electron.

When excessive amounts overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. Breaks down membranes.

Question 7

Livor mortis

Answer 7

Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death.

Question 8

Apoptosis

Answer 8

Programmed cell death. Involved dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are removed by phagocytosis.

Cell shrinks when cytoskeleton is dismantled, and sections of the cell bud off into vesicles.

Does NOT cause inflammation.

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Adaptive increase in cell number. Usually occurs with hypertrophy.
Ex: thickening of uterine lining after ovulation d/t increased estrogen, regeneration of liver after surgical removal of damaged portion.
Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia

Question 10

Hypertrophy

Answer 10

Increase in cell size.
Ex: weight lifter, why one leg is bigger than other for roller derby girl, excessive hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Pathologic: hypertrophy as a result of HTN

Question 11

Atrophy

Answer 11

Decrease in cell size.
Ex: thymus glad decrease in size during childhood, left calf smaller after cast removal, lack of hormonal stimulation for several weeks.

Question 12

Necrosis

Answer 12

End process of ischemia if not corrected.
Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion.
Causes inflammation.

Question 13

Dysplasia

Answer 13

Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.
Aka atypical hyperplasia

Question 14

Ischemia

Answer 14

Desecrate of the amount of oxygen in the blood. Lack of oxygen to the tissues caused by insufficient blood supply.
Release of calcium from intercellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.

Question 15

Necrosis of a myocardial cell

Answer 15

1) acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium.
2) cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen
3) ATP supply decreases in the cell
4) active transport of ions across the cell membrane cells
5) osmosis causes cell swelling and calcium accumulates in cell
6) organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.
7) lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell
8) cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid

Question 16

Liquifactive necrosis

Answer 16

Necrosis in the brain

Ex: death of brain cells

Question 17

Oxidative stress

Answer 17

When excessive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems.

Question 18

Somatic death

Answer 18

When death of the entire person occurs.

Question 19

Melanin

Answer 19

Synthesized by melanocytes and accumulates in epidermal cells called keratinocytes

Question 20

Pyknosis

Answer 20

Shrunken nucleus. Part of necrotic process.

Question 21

Metaplasia

Answer 21

Adaptive replacement of one mature cell type by another normal cell type.
Ex: calluses. Normal cells in the bronchial lining replaced by stratified epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped.

Question 22

Lipofuscin

Answer 22

Yellow-brown age pigment

Question 23

Sarcopenia

Answer 23

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Stiffness or rigidity. Peripheral vascular resistance, increases, decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach, decreases immune response. Increased total body potassium.

Question 24

Algor mortis

Answer 24

Postmortem reduction of body temperature.

Question 25

Hypoxia

Answer 25

Partial deprivation of oxygen.

Question 26

Anoxia

Answer 26

Lack of oxygen to the tissues

Question 27

Hypoxia injury

Answer 27

Ischemia or anoxia.
Cellular responses: decrease in atp, failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange. Cellular swelling. Vacuolation.
Repercussion injury.

Question 28

Reperfusion injury

Answer 28

After a hypoxia injury, oxygen is restore to damaged or necrotic cells. Oxygen is transformed into superoxide or H2O3 oxygen free radicals and ultimate damage the cells.

Question 29

Cellular injury

Answer 29

Injury (hypoxia) happens.
Reduction in aTp levels causes olasma membrane’s sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail.
Accumulation of sodium and calcium and pushes K+ out
Extensive vacillation.
Sodium and water enter cell freely, causing swelling.
Osmotic pressure increases. Cell bursts and dies.

Question 30

Fatty necrosis

Answer 30

Happens in fatty area such as abdominal organs and breast. Action of lipases.

Question 31

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 31

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury. Wet or dry. Gas gangrene can happen from c. diff. It gives off an odor.

Question 32

Ethanol

Answer 32

Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to aceyldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. If not functioning properly? Ethanol is turned to fat in the liver.