Exam 1- Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Flashcards
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of the skeletal muscles after death
Accidental hypothermia
Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35
Autophagy
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests itself.
Caseous necrosis
An area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes. Combination of coagulative and liquifactive
Ex: TB
Coagulative necrosis
Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque. Vascular structures.
Ex: kidneys, heart, adrenal glands.
Free radical
An atom with an unpaired electron. Uncharged. Unstable because it lost or gained an electron.
When excessive amounts overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. Breaks down membranes.
Livor mortis
Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death. Involved dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are removed by phagocytosis.
Cell shrinks when cytoskeleton is dismantled, and sections of the cell bud off into vesicles.
Does NOT cause inflammation.
Hyperplasia
Adaptive increase in cell number. Usually occurs with hypertrophy.
Ex: thickening of uterine lining after ovulation d/t increased estrogen, regeneration of liver after surgical removal of damaged portion.
Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size.
Ex: weight lifter, why one leg is bigger than other for roller derby girl, excessive hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Pathologic: hypertrophy as a result of HTN
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size.
Ex: thymus glad decrease in size during childhood, left calf smaller after cast removal, lack of hormonal stimulation for several weeks.
Necrosis
End process of ischemia if not corrected.
Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion.
Causes inflammation.
Dysplasia
Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.
Aka atypical hyperplasia
Ischemia
Desecrate of the amount of oxygen in the blood. Lack of oxygen to the tissues caused by insufficient blood supply.
Release of calcium from intercellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.
Necrosis of a myocardial cell
1) acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium.
2) cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen
3) ATP supply decreases in the cell
4) active transport of ions across the cell membrane cells
5) osmosis causes cell swelling and calcium accumulates in cell
6) organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.
7) lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell
8) cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid
Liquifactive necrosis
Necrosis in the brain
Ex: death of brain cells
Oxidative stress
When excessive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems.
Somatic death
When death of the entire person occurs.
Melanin
Synthesized by melanocytes and accumulates in epidermal cells called keratinocytes
Pyknosis
Shrunken nucleus. Part of necrotic process.
Metaplasia
Adaptive replacement of one mature cell type by another normal cell type.
Ex: calluses. Normal cells in the bronchial lining replaced by stratified epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped.
Lipofuscin
Yellow-brown age pigment
Sarcopenia
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Stiffness or rigidity. Peripheral vascular resistance, increases, decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach, decreases immune response. Increased total body potassium.
Algor mortis
Postmortem reduction of body temperature.
Hypoxia
Partial deprivation of oxygen.
Anoxia
Lack of oxygen to the tissues
Hypoxia injury
Ischemia or anoxia.
Cellular responses: decrease in atp, failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange. Cellular swelling. Vacuolation.
Repercussion injury.
Reperfusion injury
After a hypoxia injury, oxygen is restore to damaged or necrotic cells. Oxygen is transformed into superoxide or H2O3 oxygen free radicals and ultimate damage the cells.
Cellular injury
Injury (hypoxia) happens.
Reduction in aTp levels causes olasma membrane’s sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail.
Accumulation of sodium and calcium and pushes K+ out
Extensive vacillation.
Sodium and water enter cell freely, causing swelling.
Osmotic pressure increases. Cell bursts and dies.
Fatty necrosis
Happens in fatty area such as abdominal organs and breast. Action of lipases.
Gangrenous necrosis
Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury. Wet or dry. Gas gangrene can happen from c. diff. It gives off an odor.
Ethanol
Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to aceyldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. If not functioning properly? Ethanol is turned to fat in the liver.
