Exam 2- Alterations In Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, And Motor Function Flashcards
Delerium
Hyperkinetic confusional state. Impaired or Lost detection. Acute metabolic state, reversible, impairs attention, focal deficits, fluctuating progression.
Dementia
Chronic structural problem, irreversible, impairs memory, global deficits, slow progression
Post ictal state
Caused by depletion of the glucose stores in the brain after a sz
Alzheimer’s disease
Deterioration in the brain. Type of depression. Get neurofibrillary tangles in the neurons and amyloid plaques.
Can be decades between onset of pathologic changes and clinical appearance.
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Pressure to perfuse brain cells.
CPP=MAP-ICP
60-110mmHg
ICP
Pressure inside the skull. Measured directly.
5-20 mmHg
Cerebral edema
Fluid moving into the brain tissue. Vasogenic, cytotoxic, ischemic, interstitial.
Hydrocephalus
More CSF in the cranial vault, SA space, ventricles than we should.
Types; not reabsorbing, increased production, ventricular obstruction
Huntington Dz
Rare autosomal don degenerative d/o
Altered thought process and intellect.
Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia and frontal cerebral artery. Decreased GABA, amino acids in CNS, hypotonia, abnormal movement, dementia.
Parkinson’s Dz
Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia involving dopaminergic pathway (dopamine).
Imbalance in dopamine and cholinergic activity.
Onset in 40s, more men than women. Bradykinesia, intention tremor, cognitive-affective sx’s
Focal brain injury
Specific and observable injury
Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune d/o of he CNS.
Degeneration of the myelin sheath in CNS neurons.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Diffusely affects upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Progressive weakness leading to respiratory failure and death.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Acute acquired immune-mediated dz causing demyelination of the peripheral nerves with relative soaring of axons.
Acute onset, ascending motor paralysis.
Humoral and cellular immunologic reaction.
Myasthenia gravis
Chronic autoimmune dz mediated by acetylcholine receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction.
Weakness and fatigue of muscles of the eyes and the throat, causing diploplia, difficulty chewing, talking, and swallowing.
Hypertonia
Increased muscle tone.
Spasticity
Muscle rigidity
Hypokinesia
Loss of associated movement
Bradykinesia
Athetosis
Hyperkenesia
Increased muscle movement. Chorea Akasthesia Tremor Myoclonus
Decorticate
Upper extremities flexed and lower extremities extended.
Hemispheric damage above midbrain
Decerebrate
Upper and lower extremities extended. From severe damage to the cerebrum and the mid brain and upper pons.
Paraplegia
Bilat extremities
Hemiplegia
Unilateral paralysis
Status epilepticus
Continuous seizures lasting more than 5 min
Seizure
Initiation involves high-frequency firing bursts in a group of neurons that become hyper synchronized
Herniation
When ICP is severely increased, the brain can herniated into another cranial compartment.
Lower motor neuron damage
Leads to flaccidity
Lower brainstem
Integrates motor responses like yawning and hiccups.
Prefrontal area
Mediates executive attention cognitive functions
Persistent vegetative state
Person is unaware of self or environment and has lost all cognitive function but maintains BP Na breathing without support.
Partial seizure
Unilateral neurons. Focal. Consciousness can be maintained.
Generalized seizure
Bilateral neurons, nonfocal onse, and originate from a subcortical or deeper brain focus.
Clonic phase
Phase of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles.
Tonic phase
Phase of muscle contraction associated with increased muscle tone. Associated with LOC.
Sympathetic nervous system
Response to stress my preparing the body to defend itself. Releases the catecholamine epinephrine. Mobilizes energy stores and decreases the release of insulin. Redistributes blood flow.
