Exam 1- Cellular Biology Flashcards
Mitochondria
“Power house” organelle. During cellular respiration, they make ATP molecules that that provide energy for all activity.
Need lots of oxygen to function properly. It converts ATP into energy. Without it, anaerobic metabolic pathways will synthesize ATP
Ribosomes
Where mRNA is translated into proteins = protein synthesis.
Contain rna protein. Synthesized in the nucleoli. Float in the cytoplasm or attach to ER.
When proteins are produced, they can either be released to float in the cytoplasm, or, when the ribosome is attached to the ER (rough ER), it can translate mRNA into proteins that are pushed into the ER and transported to the golgi
Golgi apparatus
Refining plants and directs traffic. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Receives materials into the vesicles, process them by folding them or adding lipids or carbohydrates. Releases them into vesicles to eventually be released out of the cell.
Nucleus
Repository of genetic information (DNA). Largest membrane-bound organelle. Cell division and control of genetic information. Makes DNA and rna.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis and packaging of protein from the attached ribosome to the golgi. Synthesized steroid hormones.
Nucleolus
Synthesizes ribosomes. Made up of rna, cellular DNA, and histones. Cell division. Inside the nucleus.
Vesicles
Delivers synthesized proteins to their destinations. From the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes
Garbage collectors. Contains digestive enzymes. Take in damaged products, breaks down cell debris. From the golgi. Role in autodigestion.
Eukaryotes
Cells of plants and animals. Has organelles like the nucleus. Have several chromosomes. Have histones that bind with DNA.
Prokaryotes
Bacteria. Have genetic material but not enclosed in membrane or nucleus.
Microtubules
Small, hollow cylindrical, unbranched tubules made of protein. Adds structure to the cell. Support and move organelles in the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
Smaller fibrils that generally occur in bundles. Necessary in regulating cell growth role in cellular mobility and migration. In the cytoplasm.
Hydrophilic
Cellular membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer where one part is water-loving/ charged and the other is water-hating.
Hydrophobic
Cellular membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer where one part is water-loving/ charged and the other is water-hating.
Peroxisome
Membrane-bound organelles. Contain oxidative enzymes that can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. Major sites or O2 utilization. Synthesizes H2O2 and specialized phospholipids necessary for nerve cell myelination.
Cells such as neutrophils synthesize H2O2 in their peroxisomes and use it as a defensive weapon.
If overactive, can destroy healthy cells. Why we take our antioxidants, to bind up extra oxidants
Histones
Proteins in the nucleus that bind DNA and help regulate activity.
Lipid raft
A section of membrane that is rich in cholesterol and helps organize membrane proteins.
Isotonic
Same osmolality as normal body fluids.
Hypotonic
Low concentration of particles. More dilute. Pulls water into the cells.
Hypertonic
More concentrated. Water pulled out of the cells, so they shrink.
Hydrostatic pressure
The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. The higher the pressure, the more water that moves.
Fibroblasts
The cells that secrete the extracellular matrix.
Base membrane
Provides support in epithelium
Connective tissue
Characterized by only a few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular matrix.
Myocyte
Muscle cell
Na+ K+ channel pump process
1) sodium permeability increases when ATP binds to the intracellular site.
2) 3 Na+ ions bind to site.
3) ATP closes site and opens to extracellular side.
4) Na+ binding affinity decreases and site releases Na+ into extracellular space
5) binding affinity for K+ increases and 2 K+ ions bind to site
6) ATP closes site and opens to intracellular side.
7) binding affinity for K+ decreases and K+ is released into the cell.
8) testing membrane potential reestablished
Neuronal action potential steps
1) sodium permeability increases
2) sodium ions move into the cell
3) potassium permeability increases
4) potassium ions leave the cell
5) resting membrane reestablished
Differentiation
Process through which cells develop specialized functions
Solute
Particle that is dissolved
Solvent
The medium in which a solute is dissolved
Paracrine
A signal that acts on nearby cells through active transport through interstitial fluid.
Karen’s cycle
Requires sufficient oxygen supply to make ATP.
Ligand
Extracellular signaling messenger. Can travel through the protein channel to the receptor inside, or if it’s too big, can bind to the receptor and send its message down the channel.
Caveolae
Little indents along the plasma membrane. Hold receptors, provide a route of transportation, and relay signals from the outside to the inside.
Mechanotransduction
Translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, allowing cells to adopt to their surroundings. Starts with a message and transducer into action, which in this case is to change.
Amphipathic molecule
“Polar,” used to describe the lipid bilayer. One point of the layer is hydrophobic (uncharged) and the other is hydrophilic (charged).
Endocytosis
Engulfing things into the cell, to transport to a lysosome for digestion, etc. Eats proteins, nutrients, etc.
Lysosomal storage disease
If the lysosomal membrane is interrupted, it can leak lysosomal enzymes, what cal cause cellular self-destruction.
Gap junctions
In cardiac muscle. Coordinate activities of adjacent cells. Synchronize contractions of the heart through ionic coupling.
Interphase
Portion of he cell cycle. Includes G1, s1, and G2. Thecell increases its mass by producing DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, and other substances, and duplicates it chromosomes. These processes are necessary to prepare the cell for mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cytoplasm
Water portion. Maintains shape. Keeps organelles away from each other
Cytoskeleton
Maintains the shape of the cell. “Bones and muscle.” Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external productions. Microtubules and microfilaments
Plasma membrane
Transports nutrients and waste products. Generating membrane potentials. Cell recognition and communication. Growth regulation. Sensing signals that enable cell to respond and adapt to changes in environment.
Functions:
Endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
Exocytosis (cellular excretion)
Structure:
Calveolae
Lipids (amphipathic lipids)
Carbohydrates (glycoproteins)
Desimomes
Holds cells together to give structure. Belt decimomes, spot decimomes
Chemical signaling
Type of cell communication. Paracrine Autocrine Hormonal Neurohormonal
ATP
The energy the body runs on. Synthesized in the mitochondria. Need it for digestion and glycolysis.
Glycolysis
Anaerobic metabolism
Intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyrivate, then to acetyl CoA. Anaerobic. Produces some ATP from breakdown of our food into amino acids. if no oxygen, the process stops here and does not profess to Krebs cycle.
Krebs Cycle/ citric acid cycle
Where we produce the most ATP. Produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation if oxygenation present. Happens in the mitochondria. Process of getting our energy from the metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins. After glycolysis.
Need oxygen to happen. Oxidative phosphorylation. Without O2, make more lactic acid.
Passive transport
Small uncharged solutes. No energy expended.
Down a concentration gradient.
Filtration (hydrostatic pressure)
Osmosis of water
Tonicity
Passive mediated transport (ion channels, transmembrane proteins)
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure inside the blood vessel. The higher the pressure, the more that gets pushed out.
Osmosis
Water moves from where there is more electrolytes to where there is less to balance out the amount. Think of concentration of water.
Muscle tissue
Smooth muscle- autonomic functions. Involuntary.
Striated (skeletal)- brain tells it what to do.
Cardiac
