Exam 2- Altered Nurological Function Flashcards
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
T6 or above
HTN, HA, sweating about the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, bradycardia
Cerebral edema
Accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue.
Motor changes related to brain function
Loss of cortical inhibition associated with decreased consciousness includes abnormal flexor and extensor movements.
Cerebral death
Irreversible coma. Represents permanent brain damage with an ability to maintain cardiac, respiratory, and other viral functions. Inability to maintain internal homeostasis.
Seizures
Abnormal, excessive hypersynchronus discharges of cerebral neurons with transient alterations in brain functions. Generalized or focal.
Epileptic syndrome
Location-related
Generalized
Undetermined
Dysmnesia and amnesia
Some memories are not retrieved and new memories cannot be stored.
Frontal areas mediate vigilance, detection, and working memory. With vigilance deficit, the person can’t maintain search and scanning activities. Since this is a detection deficit, the person is unmotivated to use feedback.
Agnosia
Defect of recognition. Tactile, visual, or auditory.
Caused by dysfunction in the primary sensory or interpretive areas of cerebral cortex.
Dysphasia
Impairment of comprehension or production of language. Expressive or sensory.
Aphasia
Loss of language comprehension or production.
Tension-type HA
most common. Central and peripheral mechanisms.
Bilateral HA with sensation if band around the head. May last for hrs or days.
Cluster HA
occur in episodes several times during a day for a period of days at different times of year.
Pain is unilateral, intense, tearing, and burning. Eye sx associated.
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania- cluster HAs with more frequent daily attacks. Primarily in women. Respond to indomethacin.
Migraines
HA with and without aura and precipitated by triggering event.
Familial episodic d/o. Marker is HA.
Phases: premonitory, migraine aura, headache phase, recovery phase.
Extramural hematoma
Temporal fossa most common site, caused by injury to the middle menigeal artery or vein.
85%arterial
15% meninges vein or dural sinus injury
90% have skull fx
Subdural
Acute or chronic. Develop within 48 hrs. Often located st top of head.
MVA most common cause. 50% associated with skull fx.
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
Results from head rotation. Brain experiences shearing stress.
CVA
Most frequently occurring neurological d/o. Any abnormality of vessels of brain is referred to as cerebrovascular dz.
Scheming or hemorrhagic
Risk factors for TBI
15-35 years of age >70 yo Male gender Living in high-crime area Military Professional sports players
Neurogenic shock
Loss of sympathetic outflow: Vasodilation Hypotension Bradycardia Hypothermia
Axon
Extension of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body. The tail.
Axon hillock
Where the action potential begins. Usually travels away from the neuron.
Multipolar neuron
Multiple dendrite sand single axon . Most common type.
Node of ranvier
Neurilemma and myelin sheath are separated by the nodes, allowing ions to flow between segments rather than along an entire length of membrane, resulting in increased. Eli city of neuronal conduction.
Gray matter
Contains cell bodies of interneurons.
Contains cell bodies of spinal lower motor neurons. Their axons synapse with skeletal muscles.