Exam 2- Innate Immilunity: Inflammation

Question 1

Cytokines

Answer 1

Signaling molecules that influence behavior of immune and other types of cells.

Cause fever

Most important: interleukins or interferons

proinflammatory or antiinflammatory in nature depending on whether they induce or inhibit the inflammatory response. They usually diffuse over short distances, and bind to and affect the appropriate target cell.

Question 2

Chemotaxis

Answer 2

The movement of leukocytes from the vessel into into a damaged area.

Chemotactic factors are biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

move along a concentration gradient (from an area of lesser concentration of the factor to an area of greater concentration of the factor).

Question 3

Mast cell degranulation

Answer 3

release of the granular contents of mast cells. Mast cells are cellular bags of granules located in skin, GI tract, and respiratory tract.

They initiate the inflammatory response. In response to stimulus, biochemical mediators in the mast cell (histamine, chemotactic factors, and cytokines), are released and exert their effects immediately.

Question 4

Histamine

Answer 4

a vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large vessel walls and dilation of the postcapillary venules and increased vascular permeability.
H1 is pro-inflammatory and H2 is anti-inflammatory.

H1 receptors are present on smooth muscle cells, especially those of the bronchi, and cause bronchial contraction when stimulated.

H2 receptors abundant in stomach mucosa and induce secretion of gastric acid as part of the normal physiology of the stomach.

Question 5

Interferon

Answer 5

Antiviral cytokines

Question 6

Platelets

Answer 6

Clot the area and wall it off to prevent spread of inflammation and bacteria. Need calcium for this.

Question 7

Eosinophils

Answer 7

Defend against parasites.

Degrade vasoactive substances released by mast cells.

Question 8

Mast cells

Answer 8

Release chemicals that initiate the inflammatory response.

Release preformed inflammatory mediators immediately by degranulation.

Nonphagocytic innate

Question 9

Natural killer cells

Answer 9

Eliminate virus-infected cells

Question 10

Macrophages

Answer 10

Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris.
Secrete chemicals that promote tissue healing.
Activate adaptive immunity.
Secrete chemicals to attract fibroblasts.

Phagocytosis innate

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris soon after injury.

Secrete chemicals that call in longer-acting phagocytes.

Phagocyte innate

Question 12

First line of defense

Answer 12

Anatomical barriers

Question 13

Collectins

Answer 13

Chemical defenses produced by the king and epithelium.

Ex: surfactant

Question 14

Defensins

Answer 14

Type of chemical barrier

Question 15

Kinins

Answer 15

Chemicals involved in the inflammatory response.

Question 16

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 16

How one innate immune cell can recognize many different types of pathogenic bacteria.

Question 17

Complement cascade

Answer 17

When activated, forms membrane attack complex that causes cell lysis.

Question 18

Steps of inflammation

Answer 18

Brief vasoconstriction 
Vasodilation 
Increased vascular permeability 
Leakage of plasma into tissues
Local edema

Question 19

PAMP

Answer 19

A molecular pattern that is associated with pathogenic microorganisms.

Question 20

DAMP

Answer 20

Molecular pattern that is associated with injured or stressed host cells.

Question 21

Innate immunity

Answer 21

Nonspecific, meaning that one cell or other element will defend against many different typesI’m of antigens. Inflammation. 2nd like of defense. 1st immune response.

Aka natural or native immunity.

Question 22

Adaptive immunity

Answer 22

Specific, meaning that one cell will defend against only one particular antigen.

Question 23

Opsonins

Answer 23

Molecules that mark antigens for destruction by innate immune cells.

Question 24

Diapedes

Answer 24

Cells leaving the blood vessel to the site of injury. Move chemotaxis to the area where the chemotactic cytokines are in the highest concentration.

Question 25

Fibroblasts

Answer 25

Secrete collagen, which forms scar tissue.

Activated by chemicals released by macrophages.

Question 26

Granuloma

Answer 26

Walked-off infectious agent in chronic inflammation

Question 27

Age-related changes that affect tissue healing

Answer 27

Loss of capillaries that normally bring blood to the area.

Question 28

Adaptive immunity

Answer 28

Activated after some delay. Remembers the pathogen and acts more rapidly upon subsequent exposure. Works against one specific antigen.

Question 29

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 29

Thick and clotted

Question 30

Purulent exudate (supperative)

Answer 30

Containing many WBCs

Question 31

Hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 31

Containing many RBCs

Question 32

Serous exudate

Answer 32

Watery, with few proteins and cells.

Question 33

Healing by primary intention

Answer 33

Edges easily approximate.

Ex: surgical incision

Question 34

Healing by secondary intention

Answer 34

Larger wounds that have greater tissue loss.