Exam 1- Genes, Environment-lifestyle, And Common Diseases

Question 1

Congenital

Answer 1

Present at birth but not inherited

Question 2

Polygenic

Answer 2

Variation is caused by combined effects of multiple genes

Question 3

Discordant trait

Answer 3

Not shared by both members of a twin pair

Question 4

Multifactorial

Answer 4

Variation is caused by combined effects of multiple genes.

Occurrence can change greatly from one population to another.

Recurrence (empirical?) risk is higher if more than one family member is affected and if the disease is more severe in the proband.

Many factors that can be measured numerically (like BP and CAD)

Question 5

Concordant trait

Answer 5

Shared by both members of a twin pair.

Question 6

Prevalence rate

Answer 6

Proportion of a population affected at a specific point in time.

Question 7

Incidence rate

Answer 7

New cases in a year divided by the population

Question 8

Proband

Answer 8

An individual with who a pedigree begins

Question 9

Monozygotic twins

Answer 9

Identical twins

Question 10

Concordance rates

Answer 10

If rates are high/ the same between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, genetics is less likely to play a role. If different, most likely genetically linked.

Question 11

Genetically inherited disease

Answer 11

Inherited and transmitted through the generations.

Question 12

Relative risk

Answer 12

Common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor. Expressed as a ratio of the incidence rate among individuals exposed to a risk factor divided by the incidence of the disease among people not exposed.