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Charis & Ellie vs Renal > Eureka Physiology > Flashcards

Eureka Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nephron?

A

Regulates plasma composition via processes if filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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2
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

1st stage of urine production
-Hydrostatic pressure with glomerular capillaries forces plasma components through capillary wall into Bowmans space
(large components remain in capillary)

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3
Q

What is the term for what happens in glomerular filtration?

A

Ultrafiltration

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4
Q

What is albuminuria?

A

Albumin in urine

-Indicates pathological process affecting GF

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5
Q

What is GFR?

A

Rate @ which fluid is filtered by glomerulus from blood into Bowman’s space

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6
Q

How is GFR estimated?

A

By measuring clearance of substance which satisfies this criteria:

  • Steady blood conc
  • Freely filtered (passed unhindered across GF membrane)
  • Neither absorbed nor secreted by cells of renal tubule
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7
Q

What substances meet criteria for GFR?

A

Inulin (too tricky to measure and administer though)
THEREFORE
-Creatinine clearance is used

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8
Q

Con with using creatinine clearance for GFR?

A

Some is secreted by renal tubules so the value is always overestimated by 10-20%

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9
Q

Factors affecting GFR?

A
  • Differences in hydrostatic pressure & oncotic pressure between tubule & capillaries (starling’s forces)
  • Renal blood flow and perfusion pressure
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10
Q

Where is fluid secreted along a capillary?

A

Arterial end

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11
Q

Where is fluid reabsorbed along a capillary?

A

Venous end

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12
Q

What happens to hydrostatic pressure as fluid travels along capillary towards venous end?

A

Decreases

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13
Q

Regulation GF?

A
  • Myogenic mechanism autoregulation occurs when SM in wall of blood vessels responds to pressure changes within vessel wall
  • Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism: tubular flow rate affects tone of renal blood vessels
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14
Q

Flow diagram of myogenic mechanism when BP is increased?

A

Increased BP
|
Increased renal perfusion pressure & increased blood flow
|
Stimulates stretch receptors in smooth muscle fibres within wall of afferent arterioles: causing them to constrict
|
Results in resistance to flow in glomerulus increased
|
As a result, blood flow & GFR remain constant despite increase in perfusion pressure

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15
Q

Function of glomerulus?

A

Filtration of blood to form filtrate

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16
Q

Function of PCT?

A

Reabsorption of 65% of Na+ & water and most glucose, AAs, HCO3-, PO3-

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17
Q

Loop of Henle function?

A

Concentration of urine via countercurrent exchnage mechanism

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18
Q

Function of DCT?

A
  • Reabsorption of Na+/Ca2+

- Reabsorption and secretion of K+/H+

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19
Q

Function of CDs?

A

ADH: Mediated water reabsorption
Aldosterone: Mediated Na+ reabsorption
Secretion of K+/H+

Acid-base balance
K+ secretion

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20
Q

What is the energy bank of tubular transport?

A

Na+ gradient

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21
Q

What/ where do Na+K+ATPase pumps do their wee thing?

A
  • On basolateral sides of cells of PCT

- Create Na+ gradient by pumping Na+ out of cells into Interstitial fluid, K+ into cells

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22
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption mostly occur?

A

PCT

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23
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Movement of substances from blood in peritubular capillaries into tubular lumen

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24
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Movement of solutes out of luminal filtrate into tubular cells then into interstitium and into peritubular capillaries

25
Q

Function of PCT?

A

2/3rds of filtered Na+/H20 are reabsorbed into blood here as well as almost all glucose, AAs and some Phosphates and bicarbonates

26
Q

Function of Loop of Henle?

A

Concentrates urine achieved by counter current exchange mechanism

27
Q

What is descending loop permeable to?

A

Permeable to H20
Impermeable to Na+

Water moves freely out of this limb and into interstitium whereas Na+ remains within this tubule

28
Q

What is ascending loop permeable to?

A

Permeable to: Na+

Impermeable to: Water

29
Q

Fluid in the PCT is…?

A

Isosmotic with interstitium

30
Q

Fluid entering descending loop of henle is…?

A

Isosmotic with interstitium

31
Q

What happens in thick section of ascending loop of henle?

A

Impermeable to water
Water is unable to follow Na+ to equilibrate osmolality of filtrate with that of iterstitium

Therefore osmolality of interstitium is equal to osmolality of fluid in descending limb of loop & interstitium differing with the osmolality of interstitium being greater than that of filtrate

(I don’t know what I mean her either TBC)

32
Q

Because the descending limb is permebale to water…

A

Water leaves filtrate and moves into interstitium to equilibrate osmolality of interstitium with that of descending limb

33
Q

What does the counter current exchange mechanism allow?

A

Osmotic gradient to increase the deeper the tubule lies in medulla

34
Q

Fluid leaving loop of henle is?

A

Hypotonic

35
Q

Why is fluid leaving loop of henle hypotonic?

A

Action of Na+/K+-2cl- cotransporter in ascending limb & it’s water impermeability

36
Q

What is water excretion altered by in ascending limb?

A

Action of ADH

37
Q

What is vasa recta permeable to?

A

Solutes and water

38
Q

What is osmolality of cap blood at bend of vessel?

A

= to interstitium osmolality

39
Q

What does distal convoluted tubule do?

A

Regulates balance of Na+/K+ as well as Ca2+ within body

40
Q

What type of reabsorption occurs within DCT?

A

Hormone mediated of Na+/Cl-

41
Q

What induces reabsorption of Na+/H20 IN CDs?

A

Aldosterone and ADH

42
Q

ADH deficiency/resistance =?

A

Diabetes insipidus
Hence
The frequent weeing and xsive thirst

43
Q

Where is urea formed?

A

Liver

44
Q

Where does urea concentrate urine?

A

Loop of Henle

45
Q

Why are all invasive procedures involving the kidney, such as biopsy, so risky?

A

-Kidneys are so highly vascularised

Damage to renal blood vessels can cause catastrophic bleeding

46
Q

How does a long loop of Henle help a desert animal survive?

A

They must produce v concentrated urine

- Long loop of Henle allows more water to be reabsorbed by kidney tubule = concentrated urine

47
Q

Why are females more prone to urinary tract infections?

A

Female urethra is shorter

  • Bacteria have shorter distance to travel to the bladder
  • Also closer to anus and therefore faecal bacteria
48
Q

What are the fluid compartments of the body?

A

2 major compartments

  • Intracellular space
  • Extracellular space

ECF divided into

  • Intravascular space (plasma)
  • Interstitium (including lymph)
  • Transcellular space (pericardial and peritoneal fluid)
49
Q

How is Na+ involved in control of body fluid volume?

A

-Sodium is main determinant of plasma osmolality
(Osmol/Kg)
-As water follows sodium along an osmotic gradient, from low to high osmolality, when Na+ is reabsorbed by kidneys , water is too.
-This is how control of plasma sodium is closely linked to control of Blood volume and pressure

50
Q

Why must XS acid be excreted?

A

Metabolism constantly creates acid as by-product
|
If left uncontrolled this alters structure and function of macromolecules and disturbs cellular metabolism
|
pH also alters degree of ionisation of weak acids and bases which can affect generation of ATP in electron transfer chain

51
Q

How are the K+ concentration and acid-base balance of blood related?

A

They are interconnected
- Acidaemia is usually assoc with hypokalaemia
-Alkalaemia assoc with hyperkalaemia
-
Overall effect is reduction in acid secretion and metabolic acidaemia, normalising K+ concentration can correct this

52
Q

Why might a patient with chronic respiratory condition develop a raised haemoglobin?

A

May have chronic hypoxia
|
May develop secondary polycythaemia

This is because hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin, which in turn increases RBC production

53
Q

Functional units of kidneys?

A

Nephrons

54
Q

How is kidney part of endocrine system?

A

-Important endocrine roles in regulation of BP, RBC formation, and activity of vitamin D

55
Q

Does a foetus pass urine in the womb?

A
  • Yes foetus begins to make urine from 8 weeks

- Excreted via the urinary tract into amniotic fluid

56
Q

Why would a kidney be found in the pelvis?

A

Kidneys normally ascend in embryonic development from pelvis to superior abdomen
- The ascent can sometimes be interrupted

57
Q

Why might the kidney have more than one renal artery?

A
  • Due to the way the vasculature develops
  • Relatively common for blood vessels to persist in development as the kidney ascends it receives transient blood vessels originating at aorta from progressively higher levels
58
Q

What cells produce erythropoeitin?

A

Renal peritubular fibroblasts

Charis & Ellie vs Renal (40 decks)

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