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Charis & Ellie vs Renal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what level do the kidneys lie at in the retroperitoneum?

A

either side of the vertebral column at level of T12-L3

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2
Q

which kidney is lower?

A

the right kidney - pushed down by the liver

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3
Q

what are the layers of the kidney?

A 
fibrous outer capsule 
outer cortex (where all the glomeruli lie)
inner medulla (the tubules of the nephron dip in and out)
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4
Q

what does a nephron consist of?

A 
glomerulus 
proximal tubule 
loop of Henle 
distal tubule 
collecting duct
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5
Q

where do the renal arteries come from?

A

branch off the abdominal aorta, divides into smaller branches until arterial blood reaches the glomerulus

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6
Q

blood to the nephron?

A

afferent glomerular arterioles arise from interlobular branch arteries to supply the glomerular capillary tuft
drains into the efferent glomerular arterioles

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7
Q

what happens to the blood in the efferent arterioles?

A

the efferent arterioles from the outer cortical glomeruli drain into the peritubular capillary network within the renal cortex & then into increasingly large and more proximal branches of the renal vein

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8
Q

what happens to blood in the inner juxtamedullary glomeruli?

A

it passes the vasa recta in the medulla and returns via the cortex to renal veins which drain into the inferior vena cava

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9
Q

what is the innervation of the renal capsule and ureters?

A

T10-T12 and L1 nerve roots

renal pain is felt over the corresponding dermatomes

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10
Q

what is the path of glomerular filtrate to urine?

A 
nephrons 
collecting duct 
minor calyx 
major calyx
renal pelvis 
ureter 
bladder 
urethra
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11
Q

how is glomerular filtration influenced by the arterioles?

A

the contractile tone of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the rate of glomerular filtration
e.g. efferent vasoconstriction increases the rate of glomerular filtration

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12
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

it regulates flow and filtration in each individual nephron
columnar epithelium in the macula densa sense the concentration of tubular fluid sodium (higher filtrate flow = more delivered sodium) which trigger adenosine mediated vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole to drop glomerular filtration
the juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin, able to induce aldosterone release - allows apparatus to monitor flow drop GFR when needed and retain salt for fluid balance

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13
Q

What does upper urinary tract consist of?

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What does lower urinary tract consist of?

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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15
Q

Functional unit of kideny?

A

Nephron

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16
Q

What does nephron consist of?

A

Glomerulus

Tubule (Proximal, convoluted, loop of H, Distal convoluted & CD)

17
Q

What hormone do kidneys produce?

A

Erythropoietin

18
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Forms RBCs and renin

-Convert Vitamin D to it active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

19
Q

Where is kidney in abdomen?

A

Retroperitoneal

20
Q

What lies superior to kidney?

A

Adrenal glands

21
Q

What is anterior to the right kidney?

A

Duodenum
Ascending colon
Liver

22
Q

What is anterior to left kidney?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
Descending colon

23
Q

Posterior to kidneys?

A 
Diaphragm 
Psoas 
Transverse abdominis 
12th rib 
12th subcostal nerve
24
Q

What does hilum of each kidney have?

A

Renal vein & renal artery & renal pelvis

25
Q

Journey for renal arterial circulation?

A 
Aorta 
|
Renal artery 
|
Segmental artery 
|
Interlobar artery 
|
Arcuate artery 
|
Cortical radiate artery 
|
Afferent artery 
|
Glomerulus 
|
Efferent arteriole 
|
Capillaries & vasa recta
26
Q

Journey of venous drainage for kidneys?

A 
Peritubular 
|
Cortical radiate vein 
|
Arcuate vein 
|
Interlobar vein 
|
Renal vein 
|
IVC
27
Q

Where does fluid move from out of capillaries?

A

Enters nephron as glomerular filtrate which is processed by kidney to become urine

28
Q

What do juxtaglomerular glomeruli give rise to?

A

Efferent arterioles

These descend into

Medulla and divide into hairpin shaped capillaries & form vasa recta

29
Q

What vessels have a role in countercurrent exchange?

A

Capillaries

30
Q

What are kidneys innervated by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

31
Q

What type of autonomic innervation?

A

Sympathetic

32
Q

Each kidney is innervated by?

A

Renal plexus which recieves:

  • Post-ganglionic fibres from coeliac ganglia
  • Aorticorenal ganglia
  • Lower splanchnic nerves

Also contains afferent sensory nerve fibres = activation of these cause diuresis

33
Q

What happens with increased sympathetic activity?

A 
Renal artery constriction 
|
Decreased renal blood flow 
|
Decreased GFR + Na+ & H20 reabsorption

Charis & Ellie vs Renal (40 decks)

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