Endocrine: Pituitary Gland

Question 1

Also known as hypophysis: Master gland

Answer 1

Pituitary gland

Question 2

All pituitary hormones are characterized with

Answer 2

Circardian rhythms

Question 3

Release other hormones

Answer 3

Tropic hormones

Question 4

Feedback loop
Pulsatile secretion
Diurnal Rhythms
Environmental and External modification

Answer 4

Features of pituitary gland

Question 5

Hormones secreted in the morning:

Answer 5

ACAI

ACTH
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Iron

Question 6

Hormones secreted or high in the Evening:

Answer 6

PTAG

PTH
TSH
ACP
GH

Question 7

Peak at: 4-6 am or 6-8am
Low: 8-12am

Answer 7

Cortisol

Question 8

Peak at: 4-8am & 8-10pm

Answer 8

Prolactin

Question 9

Subject to external modulation and generally influenced or modified by higher neutral input

Answer 9

Open-Loop Negative Feedback System

Question 10

Open-Loop Negative Feedback System (3)

Answer 10

Short Feedback Loop - Pituitary

Long Feedback Loop - Hypothalamus

Ultra-Short Loop - Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Question 11

Pituitary Hormones classification (2)

Answer 11

Tropic - stimulates activity of other endocrine glands

Direct Effector - direct effect in pheripheral tissue

Question 12

Anatomy: Three (3) Major Parts of Pituitary

Answer 12

1. Anterior Pituitary /Adenohypophysis
2. Intermediate lobe / Pars Intermediate
3. Posterior or Neurohypophysis

Question 13

Considered not true endocrine gland

Answer 13

Posterior Pituitary gland

Question 14

Pituitary tumors

<1 cm

Answer 14

Microadenoma

Question 15

Pituitary Hormone

> 1cm

Answer 15

Microadenomas

Question 16

ANTERIOR LOBE:

Five types of cell by Immunological Test

Answer 16

1. Somatotrophs (GH)
2. Gonadotrophs (LH, FSH)
3. Thythroph (TSH)
4. Lactotrophs /Mammotroph (Prolactin)
5. Corticotrophs (ACTH, B-endorphins, B-lipoproteins)

Question 17

Ovary Ovulation and Progesterone production

Testosterone synthesis by Testes

Answer 17

LH

Question 18

Ovaries (Estrogen synthesis and Oogenesis)

Testis (Spermatogenesis)

Answer 18

FSH

Question 19

Thyroid Function

Answer 19

TSH (T3 and T4)

Question 20

Glucocorticoid synthesis; adrenal steroidgenesis

Answer 20

ACTH

Question 21

IGF-1 Synthesis; metabolism in numerous tissues to produce growth factors

Answer 21

GH (Direct Effector)

Question 22

Lactation

Answer 22

Prolactin (Direct Effector)

Question 23

Precursor of endorphins

Answer 23

B-lipoprotein

Question 24

Most abundant of all pituitary hormones

Answer 24

Growth Hormones

Question 25

Growth Hormones is controlled by

Answer 25

GnRH Somatostatin

Question 26

Stimulate secretion of GHRH is

Answer 26

Ghrelin

Question 27

Growth Hormone is similar to:

Answer 27

Prolactin Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

Question 28

Excessive Growth hormone seen in adults

Answer 28

Acromegaly

Question 29

Excess GH in children

Answer 29

Gigantism

Question 30

Deficient GH

Answer 30

dwarfism

Question 31

Growth Hormone Deficiency Tests: 1. Gold Standard 2. 2nd confirmatory test

Answer 31

1. Insulin Tolerance Test (<50-55 mg /dL: Coma/CNS problems) 2. L-Dopa / Arginine Stimulation Test (stimulate release of GH; every 30 mins monitoring)

Question 32

Growth Hormone Excess: Screening Test Confirmatory

Answer 32

Screening Test: Somatomedin C Confirmatory: OGGT (75 grams)

Question 33

OGTT Normal Values

Answer 33

Normal - GH undetectable after glucose load Acromegaly - GH is not supressed

Question 34

Amino acid is similar to GH

Answer 34

Prolactin

Question 35

Prolactin acts in conjugation with ____ and ___

Answer 35

Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 36

Prolactin Specimen Requirement

Answer 36

3-4 hrs after patient wakes up

Question 37

Peak time of Prolactin

Answer 37

4-8am 8-10pm

Question 38

Major inhibitory factor of Prolactin

Answer 38

Dopamine

Question 39

3 forms of circulating prolactin:

Answer 39

1. Non-glycosylated monomer 2. Big prolactin 3. macro-prolactin

Question 40

3 forms of circulating prolactin: major form of prolactin

Answer 40

Non-glycosylated monomer

Question 41

3 forms of circulating prolactin: dimeric and trimeric glycosylated form

Answer 41

Big prolactin

Question 42

3 forms of circulating prolactin: Less physiologically active form

Answer 42

Macro-prolactin

Question 43

Galactorrhea Amenorhea Pituitary Adenoma

Answer 43

Hyperprolactinoma

Question 44

Most common cause of Pituitary Tumor ; anovulation

Answer 44

Prolactinoma

Question 45

Not a true Pituitary gland; only stores

Answer 45

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 46

Posterior Pituitary Gland Stores

Answer 46

Oxytocin Vasopressin /ADH

Question 47

POSTERIOR LOBE: Stimulates CONTRACTION of gravid uterus ; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS ; orgasm

Answer 47

Oxytocin

Question 48

POSTERIOR LOBE: Plays a role in hemostasis at placental site; useful in predicting Pre-term labor and Tumor (Oat cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of pancreas)

Answer 48

Oxytocin

Question 49

POSTERIOR LOBE: Major function of ADH to maintain osmotic homeostasis by regulating water balance (DCT and Collecting tubes)

Answer 49

Vasopressin /ADH

Question 50

POSTERIOR LOBE: Maintenance of blood volume, pressure, tonicity

Answer 50

Vasopressin /ADH

Question 51

POSTERIOR LOBE: Vasopressin /ADH diagnostics test

Answer 51

Water Deprivation Test 8-12 HRS W/O FLUID Measure osmolality NORMAL: not more than 300 mOsm/kg INCREASED: ETHANOL POISONING

Question 52

POSTERIOR LOBE: Deficient in ADH Normal ADH receptors Large Volume of Urine excreted (Polyuria)

Answer 52

True Diabetes Insipidus (Diabetic, Neurogenic, Cranial, Central Diabetes)

Question 53

POSTERIOR LOBE: Normal ADH Abnomal ADH receptors Failure of kidney to respond to elevated ADH Urine Output >2.5 L/day

Answer 53

Nephrogenic DI

Question 54

POSTERIOR LOBE: Nephrogenic DI diagnostic Test

Answer 54

Water deprivation Test

Question 55

POSTERIOR LOBE: uncontrolled secretion of ADH without any known stimulus for release. ADH is released even blood volume is normal or increased and plasma osmolality is low

Answer 55

SIADH