Carbohydrates Flashcards
Hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on carboxyl functional group
Carbohydrates
Different Classifications of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch and Cellulose
Polysaccharide
simplest carbohydrate
Glycol aldehyde
Only carbohydrate that can be used directly for energy
Glucose
Glucose Metabolism intermediate products:
- Pyruvic acid
- Lactic Acid
- Acetyl Coenzyme A
Glucose Metabolism after COMPLETE OXIDATION:
- Carbon dioxide
- Water
- ATP
Reducing sugars are:
Glucose
Galactose
Maltose
Lactose
Fructose
Non-Reducing Sugars:
Sucrose
Trehalose (Found in mushroom)
Produced by the Beta Cells of Pancreatic islets of langerhans ;
Promotes entry of cells in LIVER, MUSCLE, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
Insulin
Produced by DELTA cells of pancreatic islet of Langerhans; INHIBITS secretion insulin, glucagon and growth hormones
Somatostatin
Produced by Anterior pituitary gland known to be a INSULIN ANTAGONIST
Growth Hormone
ACTH (secretes cortisol)
Secreted by Adrenal Gland
stimulates NEO-LI-GLY
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis
Cortisol / Glucocorticoids
Produced by MEDULLA of the adrenal gland. It stimulates GLY-Li
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Epinephrine / Adrenaline
Secreted by the ALPHA CELLS of pancreatic islets of langerhan; stimulates NEO-GLY
MAJOR HYPERGLCEMIC AGENT
Glucagon
Produced by thyroid gland; increased absorption of glucose from intestine
Thyroxine
Glucose –> Pyruvate/Lactate + ATP
For Energy use
Glycolysis
Amino acid , Glycerol, Lactate —> Glucose, Ketones, Urea Nitrogen
- Formation of glucose from non-CHO group
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen —> Glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glucose —> Glycogen
Glycogenesis
Triglycerides —> Fatty acids + Glycerol
Lipolysis
Glucose —> Fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA = ATP
Tricarboxylic Acid and Electron Transport System
TCA and ETS happens within
Mitochondria
___ ATP per ___ A-CoA is produced in very cycle of ETS
24 ATP per 12 A-CoA
Glucose —> NADPH
Hexose Monophosphate shunt
Energy source of many ANABOLIC Reactions and GLYCOLYSIS in RBCs since they lacked Mitochondria
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Toxic to beta cells and impaired insulin secretion
Hyperglygcemia
Stress
Severe infection
Dehydration
Pregnancy
Hemachromatosis
Pancreatectomy
Insulin Deficiency
Abnormal Insulin Function
Hyperglycemia
HYPERGLYCEMIA:
Glucosuria happens when glucose level reached ____
160-180 mg/dL
HYPERGLYCEMIA:
Period of plateu glucose level
300-500 mg/dL
Hyperglycemia Lab Findings:
Increased Blood glucose
Increased urine specific gravity
Ketones in serum and urine
Decreased pH of blood and urine
Electrolytes imbalance (Decreased Na, Increased K)
Hyperglycemia
Imbalance between production and utilization of glucose
Hypoglycemia
Basis of Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia
Whipple’s Triad
- Low Blood Pressure
- CNS symptoms (Syncope, Weakness, Irritability, Death)
- Alleviation of symptoms after glucose administration
Whipple’s Triad
Infants and Children who lacks this hormone are prone to Hypoglycemia
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Condition with Decrease CORTISOL
Addison’s Disease
Condition with decrease GROWTH HORMONE
Dwarfism
Diagnostic Test for Hypoglycemia
5-hour Tolerance Test (Hypoglycemic “dip” often after3 hrs)
5-hour Tolerance Test:
65-70 mg/dL
Presence of glucagon and other glycemic hormones
5-hour Tolerance Test
<60 mg/dL
Suggestive of Hypoglycemia
5-hour Tolerance Test
<50-55 mg/dL
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia starts to appear
Gives more energy than glucose
Fatty acids
