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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on carboxyl functional group

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Different Classifications of Carbohydrates:

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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3
Q

Starch and Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide

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4
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

Glycol aldehyde

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5
Q

Only carbohydrate that can be used directly for energy

A

Glucose

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6
Q

Glucose Metabolism intermediate products:

A
  1. Pyruvic acid
  2. Lactic Acid
  3. Acetyl Coenzyme A
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7
Q

Glucose Metabolism after COMPLETE OXIDATION:

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Water
  3. ATP
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8
Q

Reducing sugars are:

A

Glucose
Galactose
Maltose
Lactose
Fructose

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9
Q

Non-Reducing Sugars:

A

Sucrose
Trehalose (Found in mushroom)

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10
Q

Produced by the Beta Cells of Pancreatic islets of langerhans ;
Promotes entry of cells in LIVER, MUSCLE, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Produced by DELTA cells of pancreatic islet of Langerhans; INHIBITS secretion insulin, glucagon and growth hormones

A

Somatostatin

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12
Q

Produced by Anterior pituitary gland known to be a INSULIN ANTAGONIST

A

Growth Hormone
ACTH (secretes cortisol)

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13
Q

Secreted by Adrenal Gland
stimulates NEO-LI-GLY

Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis

A

Cortisol / Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

Produced by MEDULLA of the adrenal gland. It stimulates GLY-Li

Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

A

Epinephrine / Adrenaline

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15
Q

Secreted by the ALPHA CELLS of pancreatic islets of langerhan; stimulates NEO-GLY

MAJOR HYPERGLCEMIC AGENT

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

Produced by thyroid gland; increased absorption of glucose from intestine

A

Thyroxine

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17
Q

Glucose –> Pyruvate/Lactate + ATP

For Energy use

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

Amino acid , Glycerol, Lactate —> Glucose, Ketones, Urea Nitrogen

  • Formation of glucose from non-CHO group
A

Gluconeogenesis

19
Q

Glycogen —> Glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

20
Q

Glucose —> Glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

21
Q

Triglycerides —> Fatty acids + Glycerol

A

Lipolysis

22
Q

Glucose —> Fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

23
Q

Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA = ATP

A

Tricarboxylic Acid and Electron Transport System

24
Q

TCA and ETS happens within

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

___ ATP per ___ A-CoA is produced in very cycle of ETS

A

24 ATP per 12 A-CoA

26
Q

Glucose —> NADPH

A

Hexose Monophosphate shunt

27
Q

Energy source of many ANABOLIC Reactions and GLYCOLYSIS in RBCs since they lacked Mitochondria

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

28
Q

Toxic to beta cells and impaired insulin secretion

A

Hyperglygcemia

29
Q

Stress
Severe infection
Dehydration
Pregnancy
Hemachromatosis
Pancreatectomy
Insulin Deficiency
Abnormal Insulin Function

A

Hyperglycemia

30
Q

HYPERGLYCEMIA:

Glucosuria happens when glucose level reached ____

A

160-180 mg/dL

31
Q

HYPERGLYCEMIA:

Period of plateu glucose level

A

300-500 mg/dL

32
Q

Hyperglycemia Lab Findings:

Increased Blood glucose
Increased urine specific gravity
Ketones in serum and urine
Decreased pH of blood and urine
Electrolytes imbalance (Decreased Na, Increased K)

A

Hyperglycemia

33
Q

Imbalance between production and utilization of glucose

A

Hypoglycemia

34
Q

Basis of Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia

A

Whipple’s Triad

35
Q
  1. Low Blood Pressure
  2. CNS symptoms (Syncope, Weakness, Irritability, Death)
  3. Alleviation of symptoms after glucose administration
A

Whipple’s Triad

36
Q

Infants and Children who lacks this hormone are prone to Hypoglycemia

A

Cortisol
Growth Hormone

37
Q

Condition with Decrease CORTISOL

A

Addison’s Disease

38
Q

Condition with decrease GROWTH HORMONE

A

Dwarfism

39
Q

Diagnostic Test for Hypoglycemia

A

5-hour Tolerance Test (Hypoglycemic “dip” often after3 hrs)

40
Q

5-hour Tolerance Test:

65-70 mg/dL

A

Presence of glucagon and other glycemic hormones

41
Q

5-hour Tolerance Test

<60 mg/dL

A

Suggestive of Hypoglycemia

42
Q

5-hour Tolerance Test

<50-55 mg/dL

A

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia starts to appear

43
Q

Gives more energy than glucose

A

Fatty acids

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (29 decks)

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