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The Best Review On The Planet > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of organisms and their interactions with the environment

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2
Q

4 Levels of Ecological Study

A

Organismal Ecology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology

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3
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

study of individual organisms

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4
Q

Population Ecology

A

study of a group of individual organisms of the same species

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5
Q

Community Ecology

A

study of all the species that inhabit a particular area

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6
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

study of community interactions with abiotic factors

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7
Q

Conservation

A

protection, management and renewal of natural resources

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8
Q

What makes up an ECOSYSTEM?

A

Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors

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9
Q

Biotic Factors

A

living parts
(animals, plants, simple life)

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10
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

nonliving parts
Climate (weather-precipitation/temperature)
Geology (soils, rocks)
Light (latitude)
Wind (altitude)

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11
Q

COMPETITION

A

Organisms compete for these vital biotic and abiotic resources

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12
Q

NICHE

A

Organism’s role in the environment

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13
Q

CARRYING CAPACITY

A

of organisms a habitat or ecosystem can support is limited

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14
Q

Biomes

A

Major life zones characterized by vegetation type (in terrestrial biomes) or by the physical environment (in aquatic biomes)

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15
Q

Biome categories

A

-Aquatic
-Terrestrial

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16
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

Freshwater (Lakes/Ponds)
Marine
Rivers/Streams
Estuary
Wetland/Swamps/Vernal Pools

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17
Q

Terrestrial

A

Tundra (coldest)
Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest (ours!)
Temperate Grassland
Savanna
Chaparral
Desert
Tropical Forest (most diverse)

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18
Q

Distinguishing Features of an
Aquatic Biome

A

Freshwater vs Saltwater vs Brackish Water
Standing water or Flowing water
Depth of water
Permanent or Temporary water

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19
Q

CLIMAX COMMUNITY

A

Relatively Stable Community
-Greatest species diversity

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20
Q

What causes change?

A

Organisms
(particularly humans)
Climatic Changes
(global warming, ice ages)
Natural Disasters
(hurricanes, ice storms)

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21
Q

SUCCESSION

A

Sequence of changes within a community that eventually reach some stability

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22
Q

What are the steps of SUCCESSION?

A
  1. Primary Succession
  2. Secondary Succession
  3. Climax Community
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23
Q

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

A

beginning of succession in an area where there is no existing community

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24
Q

Pioneer Community

A

first groups of organisms to occupy an area
(hardy and live off of minerals)

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25
Q

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

A

Succession on top of a change in the primary succession area

26
Q

Fundamental Concept of Ecology

A

Living organisms interact with and are dependent on their environment and each other

Resulting in…
A flow of Energy
Cycling of materials (matter) essential for life

27
Q

Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction…

A

Energy starts from the Sun
Energy used for life processes
Therefore, Energy is lost very quickly!

28
Q

Energy Pyramid (Trophic Levels)

A

-First Level
(Producers)
-Second Level
(Primary Consumers – Herbivores)
-Third Level
(Secondary Consumers – Carnivores/Omnivores)

-90 percent loss between levels

29
Q

Food chains

A

Illustrative representations of predator-prey relationships

30
Q

Predator

A

biotic factor that limit population sizes by killing or eating other organisms

31
Q

Prey

A

organisms killed by predators for food

32
Q

Components of a food chain

A

Producers
Consumers
Decomposers

33
Q

Producers

A

source of energy for almost all living things (autotrophs)
ex. Plants and algae

34
Q

Consumers

A

must eat producers to obtain food
Herbivores: heterotrophs that survive on plant tissue

Carnivores: heterotrophs that eat other animals

Omnivores: heterotrophs that eats both plant and animal

35
Q

Decomposers

A

organisms that consume the wastes and dead bodies of all the other consumers and producers

36
Q

Scavengers

A

consumers that eat dead organisms, nature’s “cleanup crew”

37
Q

Parasites

A

organisms that attach to other live organisms, ex. ticks

38
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain

39
Q

Biomagnification

A

increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another

40
Q

PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenols)

A

Impairs reproduction

41
Q

PAH’s (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons)

A

Carcinogenic

42
Q

Heavy Metals (lead, mercury, copper, cadmium)

A

May affect nervous and reproductive systems

43
Q

Selenium

A

Reproductive failures and Death

44
Q

Native Species

A

a population of organism that evolved in a specific area

45
Q

Introduced Species

A

Human introduction of a
non-native organism into a particular ecosystem

46
Q

The Tens Rule

A

Statistical prediction that on average 1 in 10 introduced species becomes an established pest

47
Q

Introduced Species that becomes a pest

A

Invasive Species

48
Q

Our Natural Ecosystem affects humans by

A

Maintaining atmospheric quality
Generating soil
Control of the water cycle
Nutrient recycling
Waste recycling

49
Q

Ways humans Impact Ecosystems

A

Population Growth
Consumption
Air and Water Pollution
Deforestation
Direct Harvesting
Industrialization

50
Q

Biodiversity

A

Concept that there is large amounts of variation amongst living things in an ecosystem, leading to STABILITY!!

51
Q

Renewable sources:

A

given sufficient time those natural resources that can be replaced (example - trees)

52
Q

Nonrenewable sources:

A

resources, such as fossil fuels and minerals, that cannot be replaced

53
Q

Solutions to our problem of limited natural resources

A

Reduce waste
Control population growth
Reduce consumption
Use renewable energy sources
Development of new technologies

54
Q

Climate Change can be changes in

A

Global Temperatures
Greenhouse Gases
Sea Levels
Ocean Chemistry
Weather Patterns
AND MUCH, MUCH MORE!!!

55
Q

Natural Causes of Climate Change

A

Changes in the Earth’s Orbit
Changes in the Sun’s Intensity
Volcanic Eruptions

56
Q

Natural causes of climate change lead to…

A

-Ice ages
-Dinosaur extinctions

57
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

58
Q

Recent changes in climate are

A

anthropogenic =
HUMAN CAUSED!

59
Q

Likely Consequences to non-living systems as a result of
Climate Change:

A

Global Warming
Greater Climate Variability
Increased Storm Frequency
Sea Level Change
Ice Melting

60
Q

What will climate change do to humans?

A

Health Changes:
-influence the frequency/ transmission of infectious disease
-alter heat- and cold-related mortality and morbidity

Agriculture Changes:
-crop distributions will change
-hotter and drier conditions increasing the potential for agriculture / forestry

61
Q

What will climate change do to non-humans?

A

Species Extinction/Biodiversity loss because…

Loss of Habitat
Ocean Acidification/ warming
Reduced Food Sources

62
Q

Coral Bleaching

A

Oceans absorb ~25% of CO2 emissions
Increased CO2 leads to ocean acidification

The Best Review On The Planet (26 decks)

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