Bio Unit 2 Flashcards
What is Accretion?
-THEORY OF EARTHS FORMATION
When the mass of an celestial object increases by collecting surrounding gases and objects in space
How was our early atmosphere formed
-By the offgassing of Earth’s mantle
What are the 6 steps of earths creation
- Big Bang
- Accretion of small particles
- Physical collisions of clumps from kilometers away
- Gravity pulls large clumps into one another
- Heat of clumps coming together forms PROTOPLANET- a giant cloud of dust and gases
- Differentiation of layers because of density differences
When was earth formed?
4.5 billion years ago
What was earth’s early atmosphere makeup
-Dominated by carbon dioxide
-Nitrogen was present
-Trace gasses (small amounts) include methane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid
What was earths early conditions like
-Constantly being hit by rocks from the formation of the solar system (huge rocks=huge impact)
-Heat was generated from these collisions and evaporated all the water on earth
-This continued for 600 million years
7 properties of water
-Water molecules cling together (cohesion)
-Liquid at most earth temperatures
-High heat capacity
-High heat of evaporation
-A solvent (can dissolve other substances)
-Cohesive/Adhesive
-Frozen water is less dense than liquid water
What happened 3.9 billion years ago?
-Intense lightning
-Fewer collisions of solar system debris
-Earth cooled
-LIQUID WATER FORMED
What are inorganic compounds?
-Compounds containing no carbon (essential element of life)
-all molecules on earth for millions of years were considered inorganic
What is a chemical bond?
Forces of attraction between elements
Types of chemical bonds
-Covalent
-Ionic
What do atoms consist of?
Matter and Energy
Molecules and compounds are..
Two or more elements chemically combined
Organic compound
-Carbon and Hydrogen bonded
Inorganic compound
-No Carbon and Hydrogen bonded
What is Metabolism?
-Chemical processes within organisms used to maintain life
-Making and breaking bonds to transform matter and energy
Example: Synthesis, Digestion
What is PH?
-Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
H+ > OH-
ACID
H+ < OH-
BASE
PH scale
-Standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (whether something is acid/base/neutral)
-Numbered 0-14
-7 is neutral
-0 is acidic
-14 is basic
Rising CO2 and ocean acidification
-CO2 and H20 = carbonic acid
-Carbonic acid lowers ocean PH
Carbohydrates are
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
-Important for energy
Who discovered the double helix model of DNA?
Watson and Crick
Examples of organic compounds
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids
Examples of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
simple sugars (glucose)
Examples of carbohydrates: Disaccharides
two covalently bonded monosaccharides
sucrose= table sugar
Examples of carbohydrates: polysaccharides
over 2 linked monosaccharides
-Starch, cellulose
Examples of lipids
Fats, steroids, hormones, waxes, etc
Lipids
-organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but with fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
-Used to store energy
Examples of lipid hormones
-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen
Examples of proteins
muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes
Proteins
-Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
-Long chains of amino acids
Carbs/Lipids : calories per gram
Carb= 6cal/gram
Lipid: 9cal/gram
Protein functions
-Structural proteins
-Contractile and motor proteins
-Receptor proteins
-Hormonal proteins
-Transport proteins
-Storage proteins
-Defensive proteins
-Enzymatic proteins
Enzymes
special proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Chemical reactions are dependent on factors such as..
-Concentration- more substance being catalyzed = more reactions
-Shape- change of shape affects the enzymes ability to function
-pH- placing enzymes in solutions of varying PH values affects their activity
-Temperature-enzymes have an optimal temperature for highest reaction rate
How do enzymes work?
-Lock and Key hypothesis:
Enzymes and substrate molecules have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules
-Induced fit hypothesis:
Enzymes change shape of substrate slightly to allow them to interact
RNA and DNA are examples of..
nucleic acids
RNA stands for
ribo-nucleic acid
RNA looks like
a single strand of nucleotides
What are the 3 parts of DNA?
- sugar- DEOXYribose
- phosphate
- nitrogenous base= A G C or T
T= thymine
G= guanine
C=cytosine
A=adenine
A AND T PAIR TOGETHER, C AND G PAIR TOGETHER.
What are the 3 parts of RNA?
-sugar= ribose
-phosphate = PO4
-Nitrogenous Base= A, U, G, or C
A- adenine
-U- uracil
-G- guanine
-C- cytosine
What is a nucleotide?
- THE CODES OF LIFE
-the subunits of RNA and DNA
RNA is
SPECIFIC!!!!!!!!
-Nitrogenous bases vary, therefore code specific
-Assumes a variety of 3 dimensional shapes, therefore Shape specific
DNA
-Basics of our genetic material
-Double stranded
DNA nucleotide
-Sugar- deoxyribose
-Phosphate- PO4
-Bases- A,G,C,T
Double helix model
-Discovered by watson and crick 1953
-A=T and G=C
-Twisted ladder
Milk types
-Whole
-Reduced Fat
-Low fat
-Skim
-Fat-free
Fat percentage in each milk type
-Whole- 3.7%
-Reduced fat- 2%
-Low fat- 1%
-Skim- 0%
Milk composition
-Lactose
-Milk Fat
-Protein
-Water (MOSTLY WATER)
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Other
1 dairy breed of cow in the US
Holstein
What is Hydrolysis?
-ADDS water to break a carbohydrate chain into simple sugar
Dehydration synthesis
-Takes away water from two sugar molecules to form a carbohydrate chain
