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The Best Review On The Planet > Bio Unit 2 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Accretion?

A

-THEORY OF EARTHS FORMATION
When the mass of an celestial object increases by collecting surrounding gases and objects in space

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2
Q

How was our early atmosphere formed

A

-By the offgassing of Earth’s mantle

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3
Q

What are the 6 steps of earths creation

A
  1. Big Bang
  2. Accretion of small particles
  3. Physical collisions of clumps from kilometers away
  4. Gravity pulls large clumps into one another
  5. Heat of clumps coming together forms PROTOPLANET- a giant cloud of dust and gases
  6. Differentiation of layers because of density differences
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4
Q

When was earth formed?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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5
Q

What was earth’s early atmosphere makeup

A

-Dominated by carbon dioxide
-Nitrogen was present
-Trace gasses (small amounts) include methane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid

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6
Q

What was earths early conditions like

A

-Constantly being hit by rocks from the formation of the solar system (huge rocks=huge impact)
-Heat was generated from these collisions and evaporated all the water on earth
-This continued for 600 million years

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7
Q

7 properties of water

A

-Water molecules cling together (cohesion)
-Liquid at most earth temperatures
-High heat capacity
-High heat of evaporation
-A solvent (can dissolve other substances)
-Cohesive/Adhesive
-Frozen water is less dense than liquid water

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8
Q

What happened 3.9 billion years ago?

A

-Intense lightning
-Fewer collisions of solar system debris
-Earth cooled
-LIQUID WATER FORMED

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9
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

-Compounds containing no carbon (essential element of life)
-all molecules on earth for millions of years were considered inorganic

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10
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Forces of attraction between elements

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11
Q

Types of chemical bonds

A

-Covalent
-Ionic

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12
Q

What do atoms consist of?

A

Matter and Energy

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13
Q

Molecules and compounds are..

A

Two or more elements chemically combined

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14
Q

Organic compound

A

-Carbon and Hydrogen bonded

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15
Q

Inorganic compound

A

-No Carbon and Hydrogen bonded

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16
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

-Chemical processes within organisms used to maintain life
-Making and breaking bonds to transform matter and energy

Example: Synthesis, Digestion

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17
Q

What is PH?

A

-Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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18
Q

H+ > OH-

A

ACID

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19
Q

H+ < OH-

A

BASE

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20
Q

PH scale

A

-Standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (whether something is acid/base/neutral)
-Numbered 0-14
-7 is neutral
-0 is acidic
-14 is basic

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21
Q

Rising CO2 and ocean acidification

A

-CO2 and H20 = carbonic acid
-Carbonic acid lowers ocean PH

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22
Q

Carbohydrates are

A

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
-Important for energy

23
Q

Who discovered the double helix model of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

24
Q

Examples of organic compounds

A

-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids

25
Q

Examples of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (glucose)

26
Q

Examples of carbohydrates: Disaccharides

A

two covalently bonded monosaccharides
sucrose= table sugar

27
Q

Examples of carbohydrates: polysaccharides

A

over 2 linked monosaccharides
-Starch, cellulose

28
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats, steroids, hormones, waxes, etc

29
Q

Lipids

A

-organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but with fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
-Used to store energy

30
Q

Examples of lipid hormones

A

-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen

31
Q

Examples of proteins

A

muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes

32
Q

Proteins

A

-Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
-Long chains of amino acids

33
Q

Carbs/Lipids : calories per gram

A

Carb= 6cal/gram
Lipid: 9cal/gram

34
Q

Protein functions

A

-Structural proteins
-Contractile and motor proteins
-Receptor proteins
-Hormonal proteins
-Transport proteins
-Storage proteins
-Defensive proteins
-Enzymatic proteins

35
Q

Enzymes

A

special proteins that speed up chemical reactions

36
Q

Chemical reactions are dependent on factors such as..

A

-Concentration- more substance being catalyzed = more reactions
-Shape- change of shape affects the enzymes ability to function
-pH- placing enzymes in solutions of varying PH values affects their activity
-Temperature-enzymes have an optimal temperature for highest reaction rate

37
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

-Lock and Key hypothesis:

Enzymes and substrate molecules have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules

-Induced fit hypothesis:
Enzymes change shape of substrate slightly to allow them to interact

38
Q

RNA and DNA are examples of..

A

nucleic acids

39
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribo-nucleic acid

40
Q

RNA looks like

A

a single strand of nucleotides

41
Q

What are the 3 parts of DNA?

A
  1. sugar- DEOXYribose
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous base= A G C or T

T= thymine
G= guanine
C=cytosine
A=adenine

A AND T PAIR TOGETHER, C AND G PAIR TOGETHER.

42
Q

What are the 3 parts of RNA?

A

-sugar= ribose
-phosphate = PO4
-Nitrogenous Base= A, U, G, or C

A- adenine
-U- uracil
-G- guanine
-C- cytosine

43
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A
  • THE CODES OF LIFE
    -the subunits of RNA and DNA
44
Q

RNA is

A

SPECIFIC!!!!!!!!
-Nitrogenous bases vary, therefore code specific
-Assumes a variety of 3 dimensional shapes, therefore Shape specific

45
Q

DNA

A

-Basics of our genetic material
-Double stranded

46
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

-Sugar- deoxyribose
-Phosphate- PO4
-Bases- A,G,C,T

47
Q

Double helix model

A

-Discovered by watson and crick 1953
-A=T and G=C
-Twisted ladder

48
Q

Milk types

A

-Whole
-Reduced Fat
-Low fat
-Skim
-Fat-free

49
Q

Fat percentage in each milk type

A

-Whole- 3.7%
-Reduced fat- 2%
-Low fat- 1%
-Skim- 0%

50
Q

Milk composition

A

-Lactose
-Milk Fat
-Protein
-Water (MOSTLY WATER)
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Other

51
Q

1 dairy breed of cow in the US

A

Holstein

52
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

-ADDS water to break a carbohydrate chain into simple sugar

53
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

-Takes away water from two sugar molecules to form a carbohydrate chain

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