BIO UNIT 6 Flashcards
3 major functions of the Male reproductive system
- Production of sperm
- Deposit of sperm inside the female reproductive tract
- Produce male sex hormones (testosterone)
Process by which organisms maintain internal stability
Homeostasis
How does homeostasis occur?
By constantly monitoring and responding to change in otherwise unstable environments
Where does the production of sperm take place
In the testes (held in a sac called the scrotum)
Why does the scrotum keep the testes cool?
Lower temperatures are needed for sperm production
How does the body make sperm?
Body cell -> Sex cell -> Sperm
Epididymis
Stores sperm
What are the 2 things the body can do with a sperm?
- Sperm is released from epididymis through ejaculation
- Sperm breaks down and is absorbed back into the body
Ejaculation
Sperm is transported from epididymis through the Vas Deferens to the urethra
Urethra
Tube that transfers sperm and urine out of the body through the penis
Penis
Structure designed for internal fertilization
Fluids are added to the urethra along with sperm. Which glands produce these fluids?
- Prostate
- Seminal Vesicles
Mixture of sperm and fluid
Semen
1st function of the female reproductive system
Produce an egg
4 Functions of the female reproductive system
- Produce eggs and release them on a 28 day cycle
- Provide site for fertilization
- Provide structure for embryonic development
- Provide female sex hormones
Two female sex hormones
-Estrogen
-Progesterone
Where are eggs made?
-The ovaries
What are the structures that ovaries use to produce eggs in?
-Follicles
When in a woman’s life does the releasing of eggs take place?
-Puberty
-Ends at menopause
How are eggs released?
-OVULATION!!!
-The release of a mature egg from the follicle
When does ovulation take place?
-On day 14 of the menstrual cycle because of increased estrogen
Corpus Luteum
-Ruptured follicle
Produces progesterone
After ovulation
-Eggs enter oviducts
-Fertilization occurs in oviducts
If egg is not fertilized, it is released from the body in a process called…
Menstruation
Menstruation
The release of the uterine lining and unfertilized egg
After fertilization (or with none) the egg then enters the…
Uterus
Uterus
A thick walled structure that provides an environment for the developing embryo
What builds up the wall of the uterus?
PROGESTERONE
-Builds it up to prepare to accept the egg
Cervix
-Separates the vagina from the Uterus
Sexual Intercourse
-Female reproductive tract is designed to accept the males penis
Vagina
Muscular tube that connects the uterus to the outside
Swimming path for the sperm
- Vagina
- Cervix
- Uterus
- Oviduct
Fertilization
Egg = half the genetic information
+
Sperm = Half of the genetic information
=
Fertilization
(46 chromosomes) (Diploid)
Fertilized egg
Zygote
Cleavage
The several mitotic divisions that the fertilized egg undergoes while traveling through the oviduct
After a few days of traveling through the oviduct, the egg is a ball of cells called…
Blastocyst
Within a week the egg implants itself in the thickened, spongey uterine wall called:
Implantation
Gestation
-9 months of offspring growth
Weeks 0-8: A developing human that is called…
An embryo
Weeks 9-36: The developing human is called…
A fetus
Placenta
-Materials like Oxygen/nutrients exchanged between mother and baby through the placenta
-Embryo connected to the placenta by umbilical cord
1st Trimester:
-4 weeks the heart is beating
-Zygote develops into a fetus at 8 weeks
-Limbs develop by week 8
Environmental factors that are risks to pregnancy
-Inadequate diet
-Alcohol/drugs
-Toxins (such as caffeine)
-Infections
Ultrasound
-Using ultrasonic waves to take pictures
Amniocentesis
A long needle used to remove amniotic fluid during month 4
Karyotopes
A photograph/diagram of homologous chromosomes
-Detects abnormalities
2nd trimester (months 4-6)
-Fetus grows rapidly
-Mothers abdomen enlarges
-Baby begins to move
-Sex organs become present
3rd trimester
-Continual rapid fetal growth
-Digestive system begins to function
-Kidneys begin to produce urine
-Brain begins to undergo sleeping and waking
Birth
Muscular contractions controlled by the hormone oxytocin that will force the baby out of the uterus
Labor
-Uterus contracts rhythmically
2. Amniotic sac breaks
3. Cervix dilates to 10 cm
Delivery
- Using abdominal muscles baby is forced out of the vagina head first
What happens after birth?
-Placenta is delivered out of the body
-Mammary glands start producing milk
