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The Best Review On The Planet > BIO Unit 3B > Flashcards

BIO Unit 3B Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane bound internal structures

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Evolution leads small/simple cells to larger/complex cells called:

A

EUKARYOTES

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3
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

-LARGE and COMPLEX cells with internal membrane bound structures

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4
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics

A

-Small/simple
-No nucleus
-No membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

-Plant, Animal, Fungal, and human cells

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6
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

-Bacteria, Archaea

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7
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

-Membrane bound structure on the inside of cells
-Converts glucose –> ENERGY
-AEROBIC RESPIRATION (using oxygen)

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8
Q

Prokaryotes –> Eukaryotes

HOW??

A

-ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Larger prokaryotic organisms “eat” smaller heterotrophic prokaryotes

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9
Q

Hypothesis: Larger prokaryote cells engulfed photosynthetic bacteria and led to..

A

INTERNAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC STRUCTURES

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10
Q

Evidence that supports endosymbiosis in Mitochondria

A

-Size and structure (mitochondria are the same size as most bacteria)
-Double Membrane
-Genetic material (mitochondria contain circular DNA like the genetic material in bacteria)

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11
Q

Green organelles inside of autotrophic cells that convert sunlight into stored energy through Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

-Controls cell processes
-Contains DNA

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

-Within the nucelus
-Assembles ribosomes (which make protein)

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and secretes cell products

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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

-A vesicle within the cytoplasm that stores cellular material

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Synthesize, Transport, and Modify proteins

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17
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

-Uses electrons
-Electrons PASS THROUGH specimen

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18
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

-Uses electrons
-Electrons BOUNCE OFF surface of specimen

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19
Q

Types of light microscopes

A

-Light (compound): Light PASSES THROUGH specimen
-Stereo (dissecting): Light BOUNCES OFF

-BOTH USE LIGHT TO FOCUS AND LENSES TO MAGNIFY

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20
Q

Magnification

A

enlargement

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21
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish two points as separate

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22
Q

Contrast

A

Ability to see details

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

-Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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24
Q

Passive transport

A

-Movement from high to low concentration using no energy

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffusion (under passive transport)

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

-Movement from high to low concentration

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27
Q

Active transport

A

-Movement from LOW TO HIGH concentration
-REQUIRES energy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-Examples: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

-Material taken into the cell via a pocket formed in the cell membrane

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29
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Moves particles (wastes and useful substances) to the outside of cell from low to high concentration
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30
Q

During passive transport what gets transported across cell membranes?

A

-Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Water
-Amino Acids

31
Q

During active transport what gets transported across cell membranes?

A

-Sodium Ions
-Potassium Ions
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins

32
Q

Factors of cell permeability

A

-Particle Size
-Space between lipid molecules
-Concentration gradients
-Being fat-soluble substance (like particles through like particles)

33
Q

CELL THEORY

A
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
    -All organisms are made of one or more cells
34
Q

INTERPHASE

A

-Portion of the cell cycle between cellular division
-LONGEST PHASE IN CELL CYCLE!!!!!!!
-Includes usual cell functions (respiration, enzyme production, etc.)

35
Q

How do we get new cells?

A

Cellular Reproduction/ Cell Division

36
Q

Why do cells reproduce/divide

A
  • Get too large
    -Repair damaged cells
    -Growth of a multicellular organism
    -Unicellular reproduction= asexual reproduction
37
Q

The two parts of Cell Division

A

-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis

38
Q

MITOSIS

A

-Series of phases in which the nucleus divides into 2 nuclei

39
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

-Cytoplasm of the cell and its organelles separate into two cells called Daughter Cells

40
Q

Prophase

A

-Chromosomes condense
-Nucleolus and Nuclear envelope disappear
-Microtubules and spindle fibers assemble

41
Q

What do spindle fibers assist with?

A

-Cellular reproduction

42
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes align at the center of the cell by the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres
43
Q

Anaphase

A

-Sister Chromatids (2 copies of chromosomes) separate at centromere and migrate towards the ends of the cell

44
Q

Telophase

A

-New nuclei form around chromosomes

45
Q

ORDER OF MITOSIS PHASES

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinses
46
Q

Animal cell cytokinesis

A
  • Groove forms in the middle of the cell (cleavage furrow), deepens until it pinches into two new cells
47
Q

Plant cell cytokinesis

A

-Materials for new cells walls and membranes gather and fuse in the middle (equator) and fuse between the two nuclei

48
Q

What is the relationship between tumors and cell cycle signals?

A

-Dont head cell cycle signals = uncontrolled cell growth = TUMORS

49
Q

When do cells know when to stop?

A
  • Density Dependent inhibition (run out of room)
50
Q

When do cells know when to reproduce

A

-External/Internal signals
-Growth factors (protein chemicals)

51
Q

Cells that dont stop growing from bumps/lumps

A

-BENIGN TUMORS
-Localized growth of cells
-Not deadly
-Can be removed

52
Q

What is DNA?

A

-Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid
- Double Stranded molecule
-Double helix (twisted ladder)

53
Q

DNA Nucleotide

A

-Sugar- Deoxyribose
-Phosphate
-BASES: A, G, C, T

54
Q

DNA BASES

A

A= T
G = C

55
Q

Phases of Interphase

A

-G1
-S phase
-G2

56
Q

What happens in G1 phase of interphase

A

the number of organelles and amount of cytoplasm in a cell increase

57
Q

What happens in S Phase of Interphase

A

-Chromosomes replicate forming sister chromosomes which attach at the centromere

58
Q

What happens in G2 phase of interphase

A

Preparation for cellular respiration

59
Q

What happens after G1 cells go through S Phase

A

DNA REPLICATION

60
Q

What happens in DNA replication

A

-DNA makes a copy of itself
-Forms a sister chromatin

61
Q

Is DNA parallel or anti-parallel?

A

Anti-parallel

62
Q

1st step of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA Helicase UNZIPS hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
63
Q

2nd step of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA unzips at replication bubbles
64
Q

3rd step of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA polymerase (THE BUILDER) matches template strand with free-floating nucleotides
    -Works 5 prime to 3 prime
    -Forms leading/lagging strand
65
Q

4th step of DNA replication

A

-DNA Ligase (THE GLUE) links pieces together forming a single DNA strand

66
Q

5th step of DNA replication

A
  1. Complimentary strands form to the template
67
Q

Semi- conservative model of DNA replication

A
  • When the double helix replicates, each of the daughter molecules will have one old strand and one newly created strand
68
Q

What is Invagintion?

A

-Infolding of membrane that led to single membrane organelle

69
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

-Phospholipid and protein channel

70
Q

When does diffusion through the membrane stop?

A

When it reaches the equilibrium

71
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

water diffusion

72
Q

Malignant tumors

A
  • Spreading, cancerous
73
Q

Why do people get cancer?

A

Mutations, Genetics, Lifestyle, Viruses, Pollution

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