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The Best Review On The Planet > BIO UNIT 4 > Flashcards

BIO UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body make sex cells?

A

A body cell (46 chromosomes) goes through meiosis, resulting in a sex cell (23 chromosomes)

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2
Q

Body cell

A

-46 chromosomes
-Diploid (2n)

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3
Q

Sex cell (gamete) - amount of chromosomes and Haploid/Diploid

A

-23 chromosomes
-Haploid (n)

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4
Q

What are the sex cells in males/females?

A

-Male= sperm cells
-Female = egg cells

SPERM + EGG = Fertilization = Offspring

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5
Q

Male sex cell production

A

1 Body cell becomes 2 cells after MEIOSIS I. They become 4 SPERM CELLS after MEIOSIS II

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6
Q

What are the autosomal chromosomes?

A

-The first 22 pairs

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7
Q

Which pair is the sex chromosomes?

A

-Last pair

XX= Female
XY= Male

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8
Q

Where is the source of variation seen?

A

IN MEIOSIS

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9
Q

Crossing over

A

-During pairing of first division, chromosomes can exchange parts

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10
Q

Female sex cell production

A

1 Body cell becomes 2 cells after MEIOSIS I. After MEIOSIS II there is ONE EGG and 3 POLAR BODIES.

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11
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Meiosis = sex cell formation = VARIATION!!
Mitosis = Body cell formation = NO VARIATION

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12
Q

Types of nondisjunction (failure to separate)

A
  1. Failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in Meiosis 1
  2. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis 2
  3. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis
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13
Q

ANEUPLOIDY

A

Seen in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers

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14
Q

An example of a monosomy

A

-Turners syndrome
-seen in females
-Results in short height, heart defects, etc.

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15
Q

Autosomal trisomy examples (3 copies of a chromosome)

A
  • Downs syndrome (Trisomy 21)
    -Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
    -Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
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16
Q

Sex chromosomes trisomy

A

-Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
-XXY male
-Trisomy X (XXX)

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17
Q

Gametes pass along instructions/ DNA chromosomes which is….

A

HEREDITY

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18
Q

Who is the father of genetics?

A

-Gregor Mendel
-Argued that parents pass on heritable factors to their offspring

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19
Q

Gene

A

-Heritable factors that control a characteristic

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20
Q

Alleles code for a characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring, aka….

A

A TRAIT

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21
Q

Different versions of a gene for the same trait (one from mom one from dad)

A

Allele

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22
Q

DOMINANT ALLELE

A

-The allele determining the organisms appearance

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23
Q

RECESSIVE ALLELE

A

-No noticeable effect in an organism

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24
Q

Law of Dominance

A

-A recessive allele can only be expressed when the organism has no dominant allele

25
Q

Law of Segregation

A

-Each pair of alleles segregates during sex cell formation

26
Q

Punnet square

A

-A chart that organizes genetic information (chart of probability)

27
Q

Genotype

A

-Actual genetic makeup of an organism
-shows both alleles in gene pair

28
Q

Homozygous genotype

A

Two alleles for a trait are identical

29
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

-Two alleles are not identical

30
Q

Phenotype

A

-What the organism looks like

31
Q

P generation

A

parents

32
Q

F1 generation

A

First generation of offspring

33
Q

F2

A

second generation of offspring from an F1 cross

34
Q

What are the instructions for protein synthesis transferred to?

A

From DNA to RNA

35
Q

Transcription

A

RIBOSOMES must make proteins SO…
1. DNA unzips at specific spot

  1. RNA polymerase matches a RNA nucleotide to a template strand
  2. Enzymes link nucleotides into a molecule of RNA
  3. mRNA leaves nucleus and travels to a ribosome in cytoplasm
36
Q

mRNA processing: Step one

A

-5 prime cap is added:
-Modified guanine is added
-Helps protect mRNA from degradation
-Functions as an “attach here” sign for ribosomes

37
Q

mRNA processing: Step two

A

-Poly (A) tail added:
- 50- 250 Adenines added
-Prevents degradation
-Helps ribosomes attach
-Facilitates the export of mRNA from the nucleus

38
Q

mRNA processing: Step three

A

Rna splicing:
mRNA is edited so introns are cut out of the mRNA strand.

39
Q

Exons

A

-Nucleotides that code for specific amino acids

40
Q

Introns

A

“junk” - non coding nucleotides

41
Q

Transcription steps

A

DNA > mRNA (exons and introns) > RNA processing > mRNA (exons, 5’ cap, poly (A) tail) > mRNA into cytoplasm

42
Q

tRNA

A

-Special RNA molecules called Transfer RNA that amino acids link to

43
Q

Translation

A
  1. mRNA travels to ribosome
  2. tRNA carries single amino acids to the ribosome
  3. tRNA with its anticodon binds to start codon on mRNA strand
  4. Ribosome moves along adding more amino acids to the protein through Elongation
  5. Stops at stop codon
  6. Protein is released
44
Q

Anti- codon

A
  • 3 base sequence on tRNA that links to a specific amino acid
45
Q

Codon

A
  • 3 base sequence on a mRNA that matches to a complementary tRNA anticodon
46
Q

COVID Vaccine

A

vaccine = injection of mRNA
-mRNA translated into spike protein
-immune system learns what spike protein is and remembers
-upon infection, the virus is recognized and destroyed faster/stronger bc of previous vaccination

47
Q

TWO TYPES OF MUTATIONS

A

POINT MUTATION - ONE nucleotide change.

FRAMESHIFT - INSERTION or DELETION of nucleotide
Causes shift to next codon

48
Q

Why are mutations both good and bad?

A

GOOD - Can lead to genetic variability

BAD - Can cause diseases like cancer

49
Q

GENE REGULATION

A

The turning on and off of genes
-Regulates portions

50
Q

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

A

-More complex

CAN BE DONE AT:
-DNA level (shape/packaging)
-transcriptional level

-blocks mRNA
-degrades mRNA

51
Q

EPIGENETICS

A

The turning on and off of genes because of environmental influences

52
Q

Independent assortment

A

Chromosomes randomly line up = different combinations of chromosomes pairs

53
Q

Difference between haploid and diploid

A

Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid- 2 sets of chromosomes

54
Q

What is a mutation?

A

An alteration of genetic code

55
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

-An agent that causes mutations
-UV Rays from the sun
-X-Rays
-Chemicals found in things like cigarettes, pollution, etc.

56
Q

What does RNA consist of?

A

SUGAR - Ribose
PHOSPHATE - PO4
BASES - A, G, C, U (A-U, G-C)

57
Q

Turning off genes

A

Gene silencing

58
Q

how do you regulate what genes are transcribed?

A

Gene regulation

59
Q

Two main mechanisms of Gene Regulation

A

Chromosomal packaging
-Packing and folding of DNA controls access by RNA polymerase.

Regulate Transcription
-use non-coding RNA such as miRNA to block transcription

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