Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 5

Question 1

What is an Earthquake

Answer 1

is ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust

Question 2

What is a Fault

Answer 2

fractures in Earth’s crust

Question 3

Why are most faults “locked”

Answer 3

Confining pressure from overlying crust is enormous, leading to the faults to be “Squeezed shut”

Question 4

Location where slippage begins

Answer 4

Hypocenter or Focus

Question 5

What is the point directly above the Hypocenter\focus called

Answer 5

Epicenter

Question 6

Large earthquakes release huge amounts of stored up energy as

Answer 6

Seismic Waves

Question 7

The energy carried by Seismic Waves causes the material that
transmits them to

Answer 7

Shake

Question 8

an earthquake generates waves that radiate

Answer 8

Outward in all directions

Question 9

Describe elastic rebound

Answer 9

Process by which energy is released as an earthquake due to rocks on either side of a transform fault accumulating energy and slowly deforming until their internal strength is exceeded. When this happens, the rocks suddenly move along the fault, releasing the accumulated energy and snapping back to their original shape

Question 10

What is an aftershock

Answer 10

numerous earthquakes of lesser magnitude following a strong earthquake

Question 11

What are Foreshocks

Answer 11

Small earthquakes that sometimes precede major earthquakes by days or, in some cases, several years.

Question 12

Faults associated with _______ and _______ plate boundaries are the source of most large earthquakes.

Answer 12

Convergent and Transform

Question 13

where one continent is colliding with another, the resulting
compressional forces slice Earth’s crust along numerous large _____ faults

Answer 13

Thrust

Question 14

in subduction of oceanic lithosphere under another plate, the area of contact between the two plates forms an extensive fault zone, called a ________ fault

Answer 14

Megathrust

Question 15

What is fault creep

Answer 15

slow, gradual displacement that produce little seismic shaking

Question 16

Describe Inertia

Answer 16

Objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to remain in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force

Question 17

Records recorded from seismographs is called a

Answer 17

Seismogram

Question 18

Instruments that detect vibrations from earthquakes

Answer 18

Seismographs or Seismometers

Question 19

Two types of Seismic Waves

Answer 19

Body waves and Surface Waves

Question 20

2 types of Body waves

Answer 20

Primary Waves(P waves) and Secondary Waves(S waves)

Question 21

P waves are ___ waves

Answer 21

Push/Pull

Question 22

What do P waves do to surrounding rock

Answer 22

They Push(Compress) or Pull(Stretch) rocks in the direction the waves are moving in

Question 23

What materials can P waves travel through

Answer 23

Solids, Liquids, Gasses due to them resisting the stress of a volume change

Question 24

What do S waves do to surrounding rock

Answer 24

Shake

Question 25

P waves change ____ of Material

Answer 25

Volume

Question 26

S waves change ____ of Material

Answer 26

Shape

Question 27

S waves cant travel through

Answer 27

Gasses and Liquids due to them not resisting the stress of a shape change

Question 28

List the different seismic waves from fastest to slowest

Answer 28

P waves, S waves, and the surface waves

Question 29

Two different types of Surface Waves

Answer 29

Love waves and Rayleigh waves

Question 30

Love waves move ____

Answer 30

Horizontally

Question 31

Rayleigh waves _____ along the ground

Answer 31

Roll

Question 32

What is the difference between surface and body waves

Answer 32

Body waves travel through the inside of Earth while Surface Waves are restricted to traveling throughout the surface of the earth

Question 33

Which waves are the most destructive waves

Answer 33

Love waves

Question 34

how to determine distance from epicenter from a seismogram

Answer 34

Distance between P and S waves

Question 35

the longer the interval between the arrival of the first P wave and the arrival of the first S wave, the ______ the distance to the epicenter

Answer 35

greater

Question 36

two fundamentally different measures that describe the size of an earthquake

Answer 36

Intensity and Magnitude

Question 37

Describe Mercalli earthquake scale

Answer 37

uses observed property damage to estimate the amount of ground shaking at a particular location

Question 38

Describe Magnitude Scale

Answer 38

use data from seismographs to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake’s source

Question 39

Describe how the Richter Scale works

Answer 39

calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram

Question 40

Richter Scale has ___ -fold increase in magnitude for an increase of 1 on the Magnitude Scale

Answer 40

10

Question 41

What is the Amplitude of a seismic wave

Answer 41

the maximum displacement of the ground from its resting position

Question 42

Which waves most often have the highest amplitudes

Answer 42

Secondary waves or Surface Waves

Question 43

An increase in a Richter Magnitude means how many times more energy than the last magnitude

Answer 43

32

Question 44

Why cant the Richter Scale Differentiate between major earthquakes

Answer 44

Richter scale measures a single peak, which can be misleading due to limitations from seismographs

Question 45

For measuring medium and large earthquakes, seismologists now favor a newer scale called

Answer 45

Moment Magnitude

Question 46

How is Moment Magnitude Calculated

Answer 46

by determining the average amount of slip on the fault, the area of the fault surface that slipped, and the strength of the faulted rock.

Question 47

For one level increase in moment magnitude an increase of _______ times of energy

Answer 47

32

Question 48

Describe Liquefaction

Answer 48

transformation of somewhat stable soil into mobile material capable of rising toward Earth’s surface

Question 49

What are the different things an earthquake can cause

Answer 49

Fire, Ground subsidence and Landslides, Tsunamis,

Question 50

How do Tsunamis form from earthquakes

Answer 50

Rapid up and Down vertical motion due to slippage at a megathrust fault below water

Question 51

How do fires form from earthquakes

Answer 51

Earthquakes can sever gas and electricity lines

Question 52

How does Ground Slippage and Subsidence form from earthquakes

Answer 52

Earthquakes destabilize slopes, loosen soil particles, and trigger liquefaction

Question 53

The first warning a tsunami often has is

Answer 53

Rapid Withdraw of water from the shore

Question 54

2 Zones where most seismic activity happens

Answer 54

Circum-pacific belt and Alpine-Himalayan belt

Question 55

What are intraplate earthquakes

Answer 55

Earthquakes that occur away from plate boundaries

Question 56

What is a precursor to an earthquake

Answer 56

events or changes that precede an earthquake

Question 57

Seismic Waves follow a _______ path through earth

Answer 57

Refracted, Reflected, and Diffracted

Question 58

Describe how a seismic wave is refracted inside the earth

Answer 58

They refract(change direction) when going through boundaries of different layers of the earth

Question 59

Describe how a seismic wave is reflected inside the earth

Answer 59

Seismic Waves reflect off boundaries between different layers

Question 60

Describe how a seismic wave is diffracted inside the earth

Answer 60

Seismic waves are diffracted(follow a curved path) around obstacles they encounter

Question 61

Seismic waves can travel through _________ material faster

Answer 61

Stiff or rigid