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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Earthquake

A

is ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust

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2
Q

What is a Fault

A

fractures in Earth’s crust

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3
Q

Why are most faults “locked”

A

Confining pressure from overlying crust is enormous, leading to the faults to be “Squeezed shut”

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4
Q

Location where slippage begins

A

Hypocenter or Focus

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5
Q

What is the point directly above the Hypocenter\focus called

A

Epicenter

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6
Q

Large earthquakes release huge amounts of stored up energy as

A

Seismic Waves

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7
Q

The energy carried by Seismic Waves causes the material that
transmits them to

A

Shake

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8
Q

an earthquake generates waves that radiate

A

Outward in all directions

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9
Q

Describe elastic rebound

A

Process by which energy is released as an earthquake due to rocks on either side of a fault accumulating energy and slowly deforming until their internal strength is exceeded. When this happens, the rocks suddenly move along the fault, releasing the accumulated energy and snapping back to their original shape

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10
Q

What is an aftershock

A

numerous earthquakes of lesser magnitude following a strong earthquake

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11
Q

What are Foreshocks

A

Small earthquakes that sometimes precede major earthquakes by days or, in some cases, several years.

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12
Q

Faults associated with _______ and _______ plate boundaries are the source of most large earthquakes.

A

Convergent and Transform

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13
Q

where one continent is colliding with another, the resulting
compressional forces slice Earth’s crust along numerous large _____ faults

A

Thrust

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14
Q

in subduction of oceanic lithosphere under another plate, the area of contact between the two plates forms an extensive fault zone, called a ________ fault

A

Megathrust

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15
Q

What is fault creep

A

slow, gradual displacement that produce little seismic shaking

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16
Q

Describe Inertia

A

Objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to remain in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force

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17
Q

Records recorded from seismographs is called a

A

Seismogram

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18
Q

Instruments that detect vibrations from earthquakes

A

Seismographs or Seismometers

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19
Q

Two types of Waves

A

Body waves and Surface Waves

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20
Q

2 types of Body waves

A

Primary Waves(P waves) and Secondary Waves(S waves)

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21
Q

P waves are ___ waves

A

Push/Pull

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22
Q

What do P waves do to surrounding rock

A

They Push(Compress) or Pull(Stretch) rocks in the direction the waves are moving in

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23
Q

What materials can P waves travel through

A

Solids, Liquids, Gasses due to them resisting the stress of a volume change

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24
Q

What do S waves do to surrounding rock

A

Shake

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25
Q

P waves change ____ of Material

A

Volume

26
Q

S waves change ____ of Material

A

Shape

27
Q

S waves cant travel through

A

Gasses and Liquids due to them not resisting the stress of a shape change

28
Q

List the different waves from fastest to slowest

A

P waves, S waves, and the surface waves

29
Q

Two different types of Surface Waves

A

Love waves and Rayleigh waves

30
Q

Love waves move ____

A

Horizontally

31
Q

Rayleigh waves _____ along the ground

A

Roll

32
Q

What is the difference between surface and body waves

A

Body waves travel through the inside of Earth while Surface Waves are restricted to traveling throughout the surface of the earth

33
Q

Which waves are the most destructive waves

A

Love waves

34
Q

how to determine distance from epicenter from a seismogram

A

Distance between P and S waves

35
Q

the longer the interval between the arrival of the first P wave
and the arrival of the first S wave, the ______ the distance to the epicenter

A

greater

36
Q

two fundamentally different measures that describe the size
of an earthquake

A

Intensity and Magnitude

37
Q

Describe Intensity scale

A

uses observed property damage to estimate the amount of ground shaking at a particular location

38
Q

Describe Magnitude Scale

A

use data from seismographs to estimate the amount of energy
released at an earthquake’s source

39
Q

Describe how the Richter Scale works

A

calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic
wave recorded on a seismogram

40
Q

Richter Scale has ___ -fold increase in magnitude for an increase of 1 on the Magnitude Scale

A

10

41
Q

What is the Amplitude of a seismic wave

A

the maximum displacement of the ground from its resting position

42
Q

Which waves most often have the highest amplitudes

A

Secondary waves or Surface Waves

43
Q

An increase in a Richter Magnitude means how many times more energy than the last magnitude

A

32

44
Q

Why cant the Richter Scale Differentiate between major earthquakes

A

Richter scale measures a single peak, which can be misleading due to limitations from seismographs

45
Q

For measuring medium and large earthquakes, seismologists now favor a newer scale called

A

Moment Magnitude

46
Q

How is Moment Magnitude Calculated

A

by determining the average amount of
slip on the fault, the area of the fault surface that slipped,
and the strength of the faulted rock.

47
Q

For one level increase in moment magnitude an increase of _______ times of energy

A

32

48
Q

Describe Liquefaction

A

transformation of somewhat stable soil into mobile material capable of rising toward Earth’s surface

49
Q

What are the different things an earthquake can cause

A

Fire, Ground subsidence and Landslides, Tsunamis,

50
Q

How do Tsunamis form from earthquakes

A

Rapid up and Down vertical motion due to slippage at a megathrust fault below water

51
Q

How do fires form from earthquakes

A

Earthquakes can sever gas and electricity lines

52
Q

How does Ground Slippage and Subsidence form from earthquakes

A

Earthquakes destabilize slopes, loosen soil particles, and trigger liquefaction

53
Q

The first warning a tsunami often has is

A

Rapid Withdraw of water from the shore

54
Q

2 Zones where most seismic activity happens

A

Circum-pacific belt and Alpine-Himalayan belt

55
Q

What are intraplate earthquakes

A

Earthquakes that occur away from plate boundaries

56
Q

What is a precursor to an earthquake

A

events or changes that precede an earthquake

57
Q

Seismic Waves follow a _______ path through earth

A

Refracted, Reflected, and Diffracted

58
Q

Describe how a seismic wave is refracted inside the earth

A

They refract(change direction) when going through boundaries of different layers of the earth

59
Q

Describe how a seismic wave is reflected inside the earth

A

Seismic Waves reflect off boundaries between different layers

60
Q

Describe how a seismic wave is diffracted inside the earth

A

Seismic waves are diffracted(follow a curved path) around obstacles they encounter

61
Q

Seismic waves can travel through _________ material faster

A

Stiff or rigid

earth science (8 decks)

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