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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a magma body do when fully formed

A

rises up the crust due to lower density.

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2
Q

Magma that is on the surface

A

Lava

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3
Q

What is lithification

A

Conversion of Sediment into rock

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4
Q

What type of Igneous rock is formed below surface

A

Plutonic Igneous Rocks

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5
Q

What type of Igneous rock is formed above surface

A

Extrusive Igneous rock

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6
Q

What causes larger crystals to form in igneous rock

A

Slower Cooling

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7
Q

What happens when magma is cooled quickly

A

Smaller, more abundant Crystals

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8
Q

What happens when magma is “instantly” cooled

A

Glass forms, as ions are randomly distributed

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9
Q

define dark silicate minerals

A

Rich in iron/magnesium, lower in silica

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10
Q

Common dark silicate minerals

A

Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite

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11
Q

1define light silicate minerals

A

Greater amounts of Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium, richer in silica

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12
Q

Common light silicate minerals

A

Quartz, Muscovite, Feldspars

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13
Q

What percent of Igneous rocks are feldspars

A

40%

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14
Q

All groups of Igneous Rocks

A

Granitic, Andesitic, Basaltic, and Ultramafic

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15
Q

What are basaltic rocks also called

A

Mafic Rocks

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16
Q

What are Granitic Rocks also called

A

Felsic rocks

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17
Q

What are Andesitic Rocks also called

A

Intermediate rocks

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18
Q

Coarse and Fine grained Granitic Rocks

A

Coarse: Granite, Fine: Rhyolite

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19
Q

Coarse and Fine grained Andesitic Rocks

A

Coarse: Diorite, Fine: Andesite

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20
Q

Coarse and fine grained basaltic rock

A

Coarse:Gabbro, Fine: basalt

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21
Q

Coarse and Fine-grained Ultramafic Rocks

A

Coarse: Peridotite, Fine: Komatiite

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22
Q

Porphyritic Rocks

A

magma undergoes 2 stages of cooling, one fast, one slow, allowing for different crystal size

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23
Q

What is a phenocryst

A

Large Crystals in Porphyritic Rock

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24
Q

What is Groundmass

A

The Matrix of Smaller crystals in a Porphyritic Rock

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25
Q

What are Vesicles

A

Spherical Openings in Extrusive igneous rock representing gas bubbles

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26
Q

Where do Rocks with vesicular texture mostly form

A

Upper zone of Lava flow, where Cooling is quick enough to preserve openings created by expanding gas bubbles

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27
Q

What causes igneous rock to have “glassy texture”

A

Rapid cooling as molton rock is ejected into the atmosphere causes the ions to have no time to arrange themselves into crystals

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28
Q

What are Pyroclastic Rocks

A

Igneous rocks that are made up of fragments of volcanic rock, almost like a sedimentary rock

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29
Q

Difference between Rhyolite and Granite

A

Granite is intrusive(Coarse Grained), Rhyolite is Extrusive(Fine grained)

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30
Q

Coarse Grained Grainitc

A

Granite

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31
Q

Coarse Grained Andesitic

A

Diorite

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32
Q

Coarse Grained Basaltic

A

Gabbro

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33
Q

Coarse Grained Ultramafic

A

Peridotite

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34
Q

Fine grained Granitic

A

rhyolite

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35
Q

Fine grained Andesitic

A

Andesite

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36
Q

Fine grained Basaltic

A

Basalt

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37
Q

Fine grained Ultramafic

A

Komatiite

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38
Q

Glassy Granitic

A

Obsidion

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39
Q

Vesicular Granitic

A

Pumice

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40
Q

Vesicular Basaltic

A

Scoria

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41
Q

Why do Igneous rocks have a wide variety of composition

A

Different minerals crystalize at different times

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42
Q

List bowen’s reaction sequence in order

A

Olivine, Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar, Amphibole, Biotite, Muscovite, Potassium Feldspar, Quartz

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43
Q

What do minerals do to surrounding elements as they crystallize

A

Selectively removes certain elements from the magma mix

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44
Q

Crystallization of Olivine and Pyroxene removes what and how does that affect the rest of the magma mixture

A

iron and Magnesium, causing the rest of the mix to be more felsic

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45
Q

What is one way magma removes the already crystallized minerals from the mixture.

A

Crystal Settling

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46
Q

Define Crystal Settling

A

When Crystals that form early on in a magma chamber are denser than the surrounding magma, causing the crystals to sink to the bottom, leaving the rest of the magma more felsic, as iron and magnesium is pulled out.

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47
Q

Define Magmatic Differentiation

A

Any process that causes magma composition to change. This includes Fractional Crystalization, Partial Melting, Magma Mixing, and Assimiliation

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48
Q

What is Detritus

A

Sediment Originating from weathered rocks

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49
Q

What are detrital sedimentary rocks

A

Sedimentary rocks formed from weathered pieces of other rock

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50
Q

Detrital Sedimentary rocks are classified through

A

particle size

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51
Q

Detrital Sedimentary rocks are most commonly formed of

A

Clay minerals and Quartz

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52
Q

2-256 millimeters detritus

A

Gravel

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53
Q

1/16 - 2 millimeters detritus

A

Sand

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54
Q

1/256 - 1/16 millimeters detrital sediment

A

Silt

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55
Q

<1/256

A

Clay

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56
Q

Define Conglomerate

A

Sedimentary rock consisting of lots of rounded gravel-size particles

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57
Q

Define breccia

A

Sedimentary rock consisting of lots of angular gravel-size particles

58
Q

Why does breccia contain angular gravel-size particles while conglomerate contains rounded gravel-size particles

A

The angular gravel size particles in Breccia indicate that particles were not transported far from where they were deposited.

59
Q

Sand sized particles Detrital Sedimentary rock

A

Sandstone, Arkose

60
Q

Mud sized particles detrital sedimentary rock

A

Shale, mudstone, siltstone

61
Q

How to classify rock as shale

A

If rock with mud sized particles breaks into thin layers

62
Q

How to classify rock as mudstone

A

If rock with mud sized particles breaks into chunks or blocks

63
Q

What happens the particles due to currents of water or air

A

Particles are sorted from coarse to fine

64
Q

Particle size in relation to river current speed

A

The faster the speed of the river, the larger the particles the river can carry

65
Q

Gravels are transported commonly through

A

Swiftly flowing rivers, rockslides, glaciers

66
Q

Sand is commonly found in

A

River deposits, windblown sand dunes, beachs

67
Q

Silts and Clays commonly settle in

A

lakes, lagoons, swamps, marine environments

68
Q

Difference between Arkose and Sandstone

A

Higher feldspar concentration in arkose, Higher quartz concentration in Sandstone

69
Q

How do Chemical Sedimentary Rocks form

A

When minerals carried in a solution precipitates under certain conditions and physical proccesses

70
Q

How do Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks form

A

Precipitation of mineral matter through life proccesses of water-dwelling organisms that extract minerals from water to form shells and other hard parts

71
Q

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly calcite(also known as limestone)

A

Crystalline Limestone, microcrystalline limestone, Travertine, Coquina, Fossiliferous Limestone, Chalk

72
Q

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Quartz

73
Q

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Gypsum

A

Rock Gypsum

74
Q

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Halite

75
Q

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Altered Plant Fragments

A

Bituminous coal

76
Q

What mineral is Limestone Composed of. Is it chemical, biochemical, or organic?

A

Calcite, Biochemical

77
Q

Describe Coquina

A

Coarse Rock composed of shells and shell fragments cemented together. Coquina is Organic

78
Q

Describe Chalk

A

Soft, Porous Rock made up of the hard parts of microscopic organisms. Chalk is organic

79
Q

Describe Travertine

A

Inorganic sedimentary rock, fine grained

80
Q

How do microcrystalline rocks form

A

Dissolved silica precipitating

81
Q

Which minerals often precipitate due to evaporation of water

A

Halite, Gypsum, Anhydrite

82
Q

What is an Evaporite Deposit

A

Rocks formed of minerals that are produced by evaporation of water

83
Q

Coal consists mostly of

A

Organic matter

84
Q

Brown Coal is called

85
Q

What is the first and most important stage of coal formation

A

large amounts of plant remains are accumulated in one place.

86
Q

What needs to happen to the plant remains so that coal can form

A

Preserved so that the plant remains do not decay

87
Q

What are the best environments for coal to form and why.

A

Swamps, as swamp water is low in oxygen, leading to little decay.

88
Q

After this layer of plant remains are formed, what happens to transform it into coal

A

compaction and metamorphism

89
Q

What is Anthracite

A

Hard, Black Coal. Is metamorphic rock

90
Q

How does the cementation process work

A

Coarse Sediments have a harder time being compressed, so when mineral rich water is run through, the minerals in the water precipitate into a cement mix that holds the sediment together

91
Q

Which type of sediment does cementation happen to

A

Coarse sized sediment( Gravel and Sand)

92
Q

What are layers of Sediment called

A

Strata or Beds

93
Q

What separates the strata layers

A

Bedding Planes

94
Q

Describe the Metamorphism Process in a rock

A

The rock changes until it reaches a state of equilibrium with its environment.

95
Q

Slight Metamorphic Changes

A

Low-Grade Metamorphism

96
Q

Substantial Metamorphic Changes

A

High-Grade metamorphism

97
Q

In low-grade metamorphism, what changes can occur

A

Rock becomes denser and more compact

98
Q

In high-grade metamorphism, what changes can occur

A

Causes Certain minerals to recrystallize, leading to the growth of larger crystals

99
Q

2 main types of metamorphism

A

Regional and Contact Metamorphism

100
Q

Describe how regional metamorphism occurs

A

Mountain-building events cause large quantities of rock to undergo pressure and temperature that can cause metamorphism

101
Q

Describe how Contact Metamorphism occurs

A

Intrusion of Magma causes surrounding rock to undergo high temperatures that can cause metamorphism

102
Q

List the agents of metamorphism

A

Heat, Pressure, Differential stress, Chemically Active Fluid

103
Q

Most important factor driving metamorphism

A

Thermal Energy

104
Q

What happens to pressure and temperature due to greater depth

A

Both increase

105
Q

Confining pressure causes the spaces between the grains in the rock to

106
Q

What is differential Stress

A

The forces associated with mountain building are unequal in each direction.

107
Q

Rocks that undergo Differential Stress are

A

Shortened in the direction of greatest stress and elongated in direction perpendicular to that stress.

108
Q

Rocks near the surface can be described as

109
Q

Rocks deep in earth’s crust can be described as

110
Q

Hot Chemically Active fluids can affect rock in what ways

A

They can change the arrangement or shape of the rock grains and they can change the chemical composition of the rock

111
Q

How do Hot chemically Active Fluids change the arrangement or shape of rock grains?

A

When two mineral grains are squeezed together, the crystalline parts that touch are the ones in the highest stress. Hot chemically active fluids can dissolve the atoms at these sites and move them to fill voids between individual grains in the rock

112
Q

How does hot chemically active fluids change chemical composition of rocks

A

When hot chemically active fluids circulate freely through rocks, ionic exchange can occur between adjacent rock layers.

113
Q

What is Foliation

A

Nearly flat arrangement of mineral grains or structural features in a rock

114
Q

Foliation is a fundamental characteristic of what type of metamorphism

A

Regional Metamorphism, or rocks that have been strongly deformed, mainly through folding

115
Q

What is Foliation Driven by

A

Compressional Stresses that shorten rock units, causing mineral grains to become near parallel

116
Q

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are commonly formed in environments where

A

Deformation is minimal and Parent rocks are made of simple minerals

117
Q

Examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks

A

Marble, Quartzite

118
Q

Describe Slate

A

Low grade Fine-grained foliated rock composed of Mica flakes

119
Q

List foliated rock from increasing metamorphic grade

A

Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss,

120
Q

Describe Phyllite

A

Low-grade Fine-grained Foliated rock composed of Muscovite and Chlorite

121
Q

Parent rock of Slate, Phyllite, Schist

A

Shale, Mudstone, Siltstone

122
Q

Describe Schist

A

Medium Grade, Medium to Coarse grained foliated metamorphic rock formed mostly of micas

123
Q

Describe Gneiss

A

High grade, Coarse Grained, banded foliated metamorphic rock, composed of feldspar and quartz

124
Q

Gneiss Parent Rock

A

Shale, Granite, Volcanic Rocks

125
Q

Parent rock of Marble

A

Limestone, Dolostone

126
Q

Describe Marble

A

Coarse, Crystalline HIgh grade Metamorphic Rock composed of large interlocking calcite crystals.

127
Q

Parent rock of Quartzite

A

Quartz, Sandstone

128
Q

Describe Quartzite

A

Moderate-HIgh Grade metamorphism, coarse grained.

129
Q

What are Accessory Minerals

A

During intermediate to High grade metamorphism, rocks undergo recrystallization that often produce new minerals associated with metamorphism

130
Q

What are some examples of a mineral that is formed by recrystallization, also known as an accessory mineral?

A

Garnet, staurolite, kyanite, monazite, allanite, fluorite

131
Q

What metamorphic rock frequently Contains accessory minerals

132
Q

What are pegmatites

A

Rocks that have unusually large crystals, ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters in length

133
Q

Where are pegmatites mostly found

A

within large igneous masses as dikes or veins surrounding a magma chamber

134
Q

Most important ore deposits are generated from

A

Hydrothermal Solutions

135
Q

Hydrothermal Solutions are mostly originating from

A

hot, metal-rich fluids associated with cooling magma bodies.

136
Q

How do Hydrothermal Solutions form

A

During solidification, liquids plus various metallic ions accumulate near the top of the magma chamber

137
Q

Where can Hydrothermal Solutions deposit

A

Fluid moves along fractures or bedding planes where it cools and precipitates into Vein Deposits

138
Q

What is a Disseminated deposit

A

In contrast to the concentrated ores in Vein Deposits, disseminated deposits are when ores are distributed throughout the entire rock mass.

139
Q

Most widely used non-metallic mineral resource

140
Q

Emissions from Coal burning

A

Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Carbon Dioxide

earth science (48 decks)

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