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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 8 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Weathering, Mass movement, and erosion are all

A

External Processes

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2
Q

What are external processes

A

processes that occur using external energy, e.g. suns energy, gravity, etc.

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3
Q

What are internal processes

A

Processes that occur using earth’s internal energy

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4
Q

What is weathering

A

physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks near Earth’s surface

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5
Q

What is Mass movement

A

transfer of rock and
soil downslope under the influence of gravity

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6
Q

What is Erosion

A

physical removal and transport
of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, or ice

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7
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Weathering that uses physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition

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8
Q

4 important physical processes that lead to fragmentation of rock

A

Frost Wedging, Salt Crystal Growth, Expansion resulting from unloading, and Biologic Activity

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9
Q

What percent larger does liquid get when freezing

A

9%

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10
Q

What is Frost Wedging

A

expansion of liquid in cracks of rock, causing the cracks to enlarge and angular fragments to be broken off.

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11
Q

What is Frost Heaving

A

expansion of moist soils during freezing.

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12
Q

What causes salt crystal growth in rocks that lead to the break down of rocks

A

First, sea spray or salty groundwater penetrates crevices and pore spaces in rock. As the water evaporates, the salt is left behind, forming salt crystals. As these crystals grow larger, they weaken the rock by pushing apart surrounding grains or enlarging tiny cracks

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13
Q

What is sheeting

A

large masses of igneous rock, mostly in granite, are exposed by erosion, causing slabs of igneous rock to break loose.

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14
Q

why does mechanical weathering aid chemical weathering

A

Mechanical weathering leads to greater surface areas in rock, leading to more surface area exposed to chemical weathering

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15
Q

how does chemical weathering aid mechanical weathering

A

weakens outer portions of rock

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16
Q

_______ is the most important agent of chemical weathering

A

Water

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17
Q

What can make pure water reactive

A

small amounts of dissolved material

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18
Q

how is carbonic acid formed

A

Carbon Dioxide dissolved in Water

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19
Q

Carbonic Acid is a _________ solution

A

Acidic

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20
Q

Chemical Breakdown of feldspars generally lead to what mineral group as a product

A

Clay Minerals

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21
Q

What is spheroidal weathering process

A

Formation of circular rock outcrops due to weathering attacking edges and corners of rock more effectively than 1 face.

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22
Q

What is the order of least to most resistant silicate minerals

A

Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Biotite, Plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz

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23
Q

What is the most optimal environment for chemical weathering

A

warm temperatures and abundant moisture

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24
Q

What is Regolith

A

layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

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25
Q

What is most soil made of

A

1/2 of soil is disintegrated and decomposed rock and decayed remains of animal and plant life. While the other half is pore spaces among solid particles where air and water circulate

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26
Q

What is humus

A

decayed remains of animal and plant life.

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27
Q

Best soil for plant growth

A

Loam

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28
Q

What is Loam?

A

Soil in which no single particle size dominates over the others.(Sand, Silt, and clay are in equilibrium )

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29
Q

Why is loam good for plant growth

A

hold moisture and nutrients better than other soils

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30
Q

What is the parent material of soil

A

source of the weathered mineral matter from which soils develop

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31
Q

What are Residual Soils

A

Soils whos parent material is bedrock

32
Q

What are transported soils

A

Soils that develop on loose sediment

33
Q

What is the most influential factor in soil formation

A

climate

34
Q

he longer a soil has been forming, the _______ it becomes and the _____ it resembles the parent material.

A

Thicker, Less

35
Q

Soils are often poorly developed on

A

Steep Slopes, due to rapid runoff

36
Q

Why does slope orientation matter to soil formation

A

Different slope orientations receive different amounts of sunlight.

37
Q

What are soil horizons `

A

zones of different soil due to soil-forming processes top-down

38
Q

What is Leaching

A

depletion of soluble materials from the upper soil

39
Q

What is elluviation

A

washing out of fine soil components

40
Q

What is Solum

A

“True Soil”

41
Q

What are the 12 basic soil orders

A

Alfisol, Andisol, Aridisol, Entisol, Gelisol, Histosol, Inceptisol, Mollisol, Oxisol, Spodosol, Ultisol, Vertisol

42
Q

What is Alfisol Soil order

A

moderately weathered soils formed under boreal forests or broadleaf deciduous forests, rich in iron and aluminum.

43
Q

What is Andisol Soil order

A

young soils in which the parent material is volcanic ash and cinders, deposited by recent volcanic activity.

44
Q

WHat is Aridisol Soil Order

A

soils that develop in dry places with insufficient water to remove soluble minerals; may have calcium carbonate, gypsum, or salt accumulation in subsoil;
low organic content.

45
Q

What is Entisol Soil Order

A

young soils with limited development and exhibiting properties of the parent material.

46
Q

What is Gelisol Soil Order

A

young soils with little profile development found in regions with permafrost. Low temperatures and frozen conditions for much of the year slow soil-forming
processes.

47
Q

What is Histosol

A

organic soils with little or no climatic implications. Found in any climate where organic debris accumulates to form a bog soil. Dark, partially decomposed
organic material commonly referred to as peat.

48
Q

What is Inceptisol Soil order

A

weakly developed young soils showing the beginning (inception) of profile development. Most common in humid climates but found from the arctic to the
tropics. Native vegetation is most often forest.

49
Q

What is Mollisol Soil Order

A

dark, soft soils developed under grass vegetation, generally found in prairie areas. Humus-rich surface horizon that is rich in calcium and magnesium;
excellent fertility.

50
Q

What is Oxisol Soil order

A

soils formed on old land surfaces unless parent materials were strongly weathered before they were deposited. Generally found in the tropics and
subtropical regions. Rich in iron and aluminum oxides, oxisols are heavily leached and hence are poor soils for cultivation.

51
Q

What is Spodosol Soil order

A

soils found only in humid regions on sandy material. Common in northern coniferous forests and cool humid forests.

52
Q

What is Ultisol Soil Order

A

soils representing the products of long periods of weathering. Percolating water concentrates clay particles in the lower horizons. Restricted to humid
climates in the temperate regions and the tropics, where the growing season is long.

53
Q

What is vertisol Soil Order

A

Soils containing large amounts of clay, which shrink when dry and swell with the addition of water. Found in subhumid to arid climates if sufficient water is
available to saturate the soil after periods of drought.

54
Q

What is Mass Wasting

A

The process of force of gravity causing rock and soil to move
downslope

55
Q

What does mass Movement occur after

A

Weathering

56
Q

Describe Evolution of a landscape over time

A
  1. Weathering weakens rock,
  2. Weathered rock is moved downslope where a stream or glacier acts as a conveyer belt,
  3. Rock is transferred into the Sea
57
Q

Why do debris flows occur

A

When Pores in sediment become filled with water, the cohesion among particles is destroyed, leading to the particles slipping past each other freely.

58
Q

What is Oversteepening of Slopes occur

A

As a slope becomes steeper, the forces that resist the downward pull of gravity get weaker

59
Q

What is the Angle of Repose

A

The angle at which material becomes unstable

60
Q

Why do plants protect against erosion and contribute to stability of slopes

A

root systems bind soil and regolith together

61
Q

4 types of Rapid Mass Wasting

A

Slump, Rockslide, Debris Flow, EarthFlow

62
Q

Describe Slump Mass Wasting

A

Downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved
surface.

63
Q

Describe Rockslide Mass Wasting

A

Blocks of bedrock break loose and slide very rapidly downslope

64
Q

Describe Debris Flow Mass Wasting

A

A flow of weathered debris containing a large amount of water. Often confined to channels. Sometimes called a mudflow.

65
Q

Describe Earthflow Mass Wasting

A

A tongue-like flow of water-saturated clay-rich soil on a hillside that breaks away and moves downslope.

66
Q

2 Types of Slow Mass Movement

A

Creep, Solifunction

67
Q

What is Creep Mass Wasting

A

gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith

68
Q

What is Solifluction Mass Wasting

A

Soil is saturated with water, the
soggy mass may flow downslope at a rate of a few millimeters or a few centimeters per day or per year

69
Q

Solifluction is Common in _____ areas

A

Permafrost

70
Q

there are usually 6 soil horizons, list them from top down

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

71
Q

Describe O soil horizon

A

Organic layer, consists mostly of humus

72
Q

Describe A soil horizon

A

Topsoil, Minerals with Humus

73
Q

Describe E Soil Horizon

A

Eluviation layer, Leached minerals and Organic Matter

74
Q

Describe B Soil Horizon

A

Subsoil, Deposited minerals and metal salts

75
Q

Describe C Soil Horizon

A

Parent rock, partly weathered rock

76
Q

Described R Soil Horizon

A

Bedrock, unweathered rock

earth science (14 decks)

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