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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 7 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

force applied equally in
all directions is called

A

Confining Pressure

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2
Q

What does Confining pressure do to rocks

A

compacts mineral grains to reduce the volume of rock bodies. Note that Confining Pressure does not cause Deformation

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3
Q

Deformation is caused by

A

Differential Stress

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4
Q

3 types of differential Stress

A

Compressional, Tensional, Shear

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5
Q

What is compressional Stress

A

squeezes a rock mass. Associated with convergent boundaries

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6
Q

What is Tensional Stress

A

pulls apart rock bodies. Associated with Divergent boundaries

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7
Q

What is Shear Stress

A

movement of one part of a
rock body past another. Associated with transform boundaries

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8
Q

What is Strain?

A

When differential stress changes a rock’s shape, the resulting deformation is called strain.

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9
Q

What is another way other than strain Mineral Grains change responding to Differential Stress

A

Recrystallization of the Crystals caused by movement of atoms from high to low stress

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10
Q

What are the types of deformation that lead to strain

A

elastic, brittle, and ductile

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11
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

A temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the force is removed, so that the object returns to its original shape

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12
Q

What is Brittle Deformation

A

When a rock is deformed beyond its ability to respond elastically, rocks that break into smaller pieces undergo Brittle deformation

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13
Q

What is Ductile Deformation

A

slippage along surfaces of weakness within the rock and the gradual reshaping of mineral
grains. This can cause some rocks to flow very slowly

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14
Q

Temperatures are higher,

A

Rocks can undergo Ductile deformation more easily

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15
Q

Order from smallest to largest temperature gradients and why: Mid-ocean Ridge, Hot spots, Subduction zones

A

Subduction zones(Cool oceanic crust goes deeper into the mantle, leading to small temperature gradients), Hot Spots(Both Mid-ocean ridges and Hot spots have large temperature gradients but mid-ocean ridges typically have the most elevated geotherms because their unusually thin crust allows hot mantle to push up near the surface), Mid-ocean Ridges

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16
Q

When temperatures a lower,

A

Brittle Deformation is common

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17
Q

As confining pressure increases,

A

Rocks are harder to break

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18
Q

What are Folds

A

Along convergent plate boundaries, rock strata are often
bent into a series of wavelike undulations

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19
Q

What is an anticline fold

A

arching of sedimentary layers

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20
Q

What is a Syncline Fold

A

Downfolds or troughs

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21
Q

Basic Folds are described as _______ or _________ folds

A

Symmetrical or Asymmetrical

22
Q

A fold is said to be Overturned when

A

both limbs dip in the same direction

23
Q

What is a recumbent fold

A

axial plane is horizontal

24
Q

What is a plunging fold

A

when hinge lines penetrate Earth’s surface

25
Q

What is a dome

A

broad, upward bulge in rock layers, forming a roughly circular or oval shape

26
Q

What is a Basin

A

inverse of a dome, a downwarped structure

27
Q

What are Monocline Folds

A

large, steplike folds

28
Q

What is a fault

A

fracture along which motion has occurred, so that the rocks on either side are offset from each other. Caused by Brittle Deformation

29
Q

What are dip-slip faults

A

movement is primarily parallel to the slope of the fault surface

30
Q

What is Dip?

A

angle at which the fault surface is inclined relative to the horizontal.

31
Q

What is Hanging wall block in a fault

A

Hanging wall block is the wall block that is “hanging” on the footwall

32
Q

What are fault scarps

A

long, low cliffs due to vertical displacement along dip-slip faults

33
Q

What is a normal fault

A

hanging wall block moves
down relative to the footwall block. Caused by Tensional Stresses

34
Q

What are fault-block mountains

A

large normal faults that can form to create mountains

35
Q

What are horsts and grabens

A

Horsts are uplifted fault blocks, while Grabens are down-dropped block

36
Q

What are Reverse and Thrust Faults

A

hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall

37
Q

What causes reverse and thrust faults to from

A

Compressional Stresses

38
Q

Difference between reverse and thrust faults

A

Thrust faults are reverse fault in which the fault’s angle is less than 45 degrees.

39
Q

What are Strike-Slip Faults

A

Fault’s dominant displacement is horizontal. Caused by Shear stress

40
Q

What are Joints

A

brittle-fracture surface in rocks along which little or no displacement has occurred.

41
Q

Most joints are formed from ______ stresses

A

tensional

42
Q

Processes that produce a mountain belt are collectively termed

A

Orogenesis

43
Q

What is an orogeny

A

episode of mountain building

44
Q

What is an accretionary wedge

A

accumulation of deformed and thrust faulted sediments and scraps of ocean crust scraped onto the edge of the overriding plate in subduction zones

45
Q

What is a forearc basin

A

region between Accretionary wedge and volcanic arc formed when the accretionary wedge builds up enough sediment to protrude through the ocean and form a basin.

46
Q

What is a terrane

A

crustal fragment that consists of a distinct and recognizable series of rock formations and has been transported and accreted by plate tectonic processes.

47
Q

What is a suture

A

zone where two continents collide and are “welded” together

48
Q

What is Isostatic Adjustment

A

process of establishing a new
gravitational balance in response to loading or unloading in the crust

49
Q

What is Isostasy concept

A

crust floats in gravitational balance in the mantle

50
Q

What is Gravitational Collapse

A

rocks deep within the developing mountain, which are relatively warm and weak, begin to flow laterally as gravity pulls the mountain downwards

51
Q
A

earth science (8 decks)

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