Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a glacier

A

thick ice mass that forms over hundreds
or thousands of years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are valley/Alpine glaciers

A

relatively small glaciers that exist in lofty mountain areas, where they usually follow valleys originally occupied by streams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When was the Last Glacial Maximum

A

Around 18,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the North Pole Covered in

A

Sea Ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 main ways a glacier moves

A

Plastic flow and Basal Slipping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Plastic Flow in a glacier

A

movement within the ice as if there is enough overlaying pressure, it will behave like a plastic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many meters of ice is required for enough pressure in a glacier for plastic flow to begin

A

around 50 meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the top 50 meters of glacier called

A

Zone of Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the top 50 meters of a glacier called the zone of fracture

A

There is not enough ice for the top 50 meters to be ductile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are crevasses in Glaciers

A

cracks on the glacier caused by tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the deepest a crevasse in a glacier can be

A

50 meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the zone of accumulation in a glacier

A

The zone where Snow accumulation and ice formation
occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Equilibrium Line

A

the elevation at which the accumulation and wasting
of glacial ice is equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the zone of ablation/wasting in a glacier

A

Zone where there is a net loss in Ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 Ways that Glaciers erode rock

A

Plucking and Abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Plucking Erosion

A

meltwater penetrates the cracks and joints
along the rock floor of the glacier and freezes, which pries the rock loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe Abrasion Erosion

A

ice and its load of rock fragments slide over bedrock,
they function like sandpaper, smoothing and polishing
the surface below.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pulverized rock formed by Abrasion Erosion is called

A

Rock Flour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Glacial Striations

A

long scratches and grooves formed by Abrasion Erosion if the glacier contains lots of large rock fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If a glacier does not have large rock fragments on the bottom and performs abrasion erosion, what happens to the bedrock below

A

Bedrock below becomes highly polished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the shape of the valley after a glacier erodes through it

A

U shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Main Glaciers also called

A

Trunk glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The amount of glacial Erosion depends on what

A

Thickness of Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do hanging valleys form

A

Trunk glaciers, or main glaciers, cut deeper into valleys than their tributaries do. This causes the valleys of the tributaries to be hanging when the glaciers retreat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a cirque

A

bowl-shaped depressions with walls on three sides and a open side on the down valley. They are formed at the head of the glacial valley and is one of the alpine glaciers defining features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the cirque the focal point of a glaciers growth

A

The cirque is the area of accumulation and ice formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a Tarn

A

Small lake in the cirque after glacier retreats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Aretes

A

knife-edged ridges caused by erosion of 2 or more glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is Bedrock Often not exposed in areas where glaciers once were

A

Deposition of Glacial Sediment covers up bedrock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is glacial Drift

A

Sediment Originating from glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 types of Glacial Drift and what each type is

A

Till, material Deposited directly from the glacier, and Stratified Drift, which is sediment deposited from glacial meltwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Glacial Till sediment is often

A

Polished and Scratched due to movement of glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are Glacial Erratics

A

Boulders found in till or lying on the surface and having different rock composition than bedrock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Difference between Stratified Drift and Glacial Till

A

Stratified Drift is sorted as meltwater transports the sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Moraines

A

Ridges or Layers of Till

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Lateral Moraines

A

As a glacier moves forward, it picks up sediment on its sides, causing it to form ridge-like deposits on the sides of the glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are medial moraines

A

Medial Moraines are Ridge-like Moraines formed when 2 Lateral Moraines of 2 different Glaciers merge as the glaciers form 1 ice stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an End Moraine

A

Moraine formed at the terminus of the glacier as the glacier pushes forward it accumulates lots of till.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are Ground Moraines

A

Gently Rolling layer of till deposited behind the end moraine when the glacier starts retreating

40
Q

Effect of Ground Moraines on Surrounding topography

A

Fills in Low spots and Clogs old streams channels

41
Q

What are terminal end moraines

A

End moraines that mark the glaciers farthest extent

42
Q

What are recessional end moraines

A

When ice front occasionally stabilizes, a new end moraine is made.

43
Q

What are Outwash plains

A

Area of Flat land in front of a glacier that consists of many braided streams

44
Q

What is a Valley Train

A

Outwash Confined within a valley

45
Q

What are Kettles

A

Basins or Depressions found near glaciers that form when blocks of stagnant ice become buried in glacial drift, causing a depression to form after melting

46
Q

What are Drumlins

A

Asymmetrical Hills composed of till, where the steep side faces the direction the glacier came from and the gentle side faces the direction the Glacier is moving towards

47
Q

Do drumlins form in groups or are they found individually

A

Groups often called drumlin fields

48
Q

What are Eskers

A

Ridges composed of sand and gravel formed when streams flowing in tunnels beneath the ice deposit their sediment near the terminus of the glacier

49
Q

What are Kames

A

Steep-Sided hills formed of sand and gravel. Like eskers they form due to deposits of streams flowing in tunnels beneath the ice near the terminus of the glacier

50
Q

What effect do glaciers have on Landscape and Sealevel

A

Areas covered by glaciers often are in lower regions due to the overburdening effect of the glacier. When a glacier retreats this causes the area covered to isostatically adjust and spring upwards.
Glaciers hold lots of water in them, when they retreat, that water is released and in turn causes an increase in sea level

51
Q

How can Ice sheets and alpine glaciers act as dams

A

They can trap glacial meltwater and block the flow of rivers

52
Q

What are Proglacial Lakes

A

Lakes that are formed due to glacial blockage just beyond the outer limits of a glacier or ice sheet

53
Q

What are Pluvial Lakes

A

body of water that accumulated in a basin due to cooler and wetter climates

54
Q

Glacial and Interglacial Cycles occur once every how many years

A

100,000 years

55
Q

The amount of Glacial Ice in the Northern Hemisphere is about ______ of that in the Southern Hemisphere

A

Twice

56
Q

Most of the major glacial episodes occurred during which period of time

A

Quaternary

57
Q

What is tillite

A

Sedimentary Rock formed of Till

58
Q

How do Plate Tectonics connect to ice ages

A

When plate tectonics move landmasses to polar places, an ice age is more likely to occur.

59
Q

What are the 3 types of milankovitch cycles

A

Obliquity, Eccentricity, and Precession

60
Q

What is Obliquity Milankovitch Cycles

A

Changes in the angle that Earth’s axis makes with the plane of its orbit

61
Q

What is Eccentricity Milankovitch Cycles

A

variations in Shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun

62
Q

What is Precession Milankovitch Cycles

A

Wobbling of Earth’s Axis

63
Q

Eccentricity Milankovitch Cycle lasts about how many years

A

100,000 years per cycle

64
Q

Obliquity Milankovitch Cycle Lasts about how many years

A

41,000 years per cycle

65
Q

Precession Milankovitch Cycle lasts about many years

A

26,000 years per cycle

66
Q

What are the 2 different types of Dry regions

A

Desert(arid) and Steppe(Semi Arid)

67
Q

Where do most Dry regions form

A

areas near the equator and Areas away from the Ocean

68
Q

The lack of water in desert regions affects chemical weathering how

A

reduces efficiency of chemical weathering, thus mechanical weathering dominates in dry regions

69
Q

How are floods different in desert regions compared to humid regions

A

Floods happen very quickly and subside very quickly due to low vegetation and high runoff levels

70
Q

Why are desert streams often small and not last until the sea.

A

Water table is so low that the streams in deserts cannot pull water from them.

71
Q

role of water as an erosional agent in deserts

A

Water is the main erosional agent in deserts despite their low quantity

72
Q

Wind is mostly not an erosional agent it is mostly a

A

transportation and deposition of sediment

73
Q

Dry regions typically lack permanent streams and often
have _______________

A

Interior Drainage

74
Q

What is a Bajada

A

Combination of many alluvial fans that form an apron like blanket of sediment

75
Q

What are Playa Lakes

A

Lakes that often do not last a long period of time

76
Q

What is Deflation erosion by wind

A

lifting and removal of loose material

77
Q

Wind can only suspend _______ particles

A

Fine

78
Q

What is a blowout

A

sandy depression caused by deflation wind erosion

79
Q

What is sandy pavement

A

Layer of Coarse pebbles and cobbles too large for wind to move

80
Q

2 types of wind deposits

A

Loess and Dunes

81
Q

What are Loess Deposits

A

Extensive Blankets of Silt

82
Q

What are Dune Deposits

A

mounds and ridges of sand from the
wind’s bed load

83
Q

How are Loess Deposits Created

A

Dust storms deposited material over thousands of
years

84
Q

How are Dune Deposits created

A

Mounds or Ridges Formed by wind dropping sediment in place as energy decreases after air meets a object

85
Q

How is Cross Bedding Created

A

layers form that are inclined in the direction the wind is blowing.

86
Q

Which side of the dune is steep

A

leeward, or sheltered side

87
Q

Which side of the dune is gentle

A

Windward side

88
Q

The leeward side of the dune can also be called what

A

Slip Face

89
Q

What is saltation

A

When wind cannot pick up the coarser sediments, it picks them up and rolls them on the ground as bed load

90
Q

Angle of repose for sand

A

34 degrees

91
Q

Isolated Crescent shaped dunes

A

Barchan Dunes

92
Q

series of long ridges that are separated by troughs dunes

A

Transverse Dunes

93
Q

dunes with a mix between isolated barchans and
extensive waves of transverse dunes.

A

Barchanoid Dunes

94
Q

long ridges of sand that form parallel to the prevailing wind

A

Longitudinal dunes

95
Q

vegetation partially covers the sand. The shape of these dunes
resembles the shape of barchans except that their tips
point into the wind rather than downwind

A

Parabolic Dunes

96
Q

isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form

A

Star Dunes

earth science (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions