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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 22 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nebular theory

A

proposes that the Sun and the planets formed from the same rotating cloud of interstellar gases, called the solar nebula

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2
Q

How did the four terrestrial protoplanets form

A

As metals condensed near the sun, they collided into each other, growing into planetesimals that pulled other forms of matter in.

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3
Q

2 types of planets

A

Terrestrial and Jovian

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4
Q

2 types of terrain on the moon

A

dark lowlands and bright highly cratered highlands

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5
Q

What are maria

A

Dark lowlands on the moon

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6
Q

what are terrae

A

Bright cratered highlands of the moon

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7
Q

What is lunar regolith

A

blanket of debris on the moons surface

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8
Q

Which planet has greatest extremes of night to day temperatures

A

Mercury

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9
Q

Fastest rotating planet around the sun is

A

Mercury

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10
Q

How long is a day-night cycle on mercury

A

176 days

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11
Q

How long is one rotation around the sun on mercury

A

88 days

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12
Q

Does mercury have an atmosphere?

A

Nah

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13
Q

Does Mercury have a magnetic field

A

Yup

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14
Q

Why does Mercury have a magnetic field

A

Large molten core compared to planet size

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15
Q

Largest known crater impact on Mercury

A

Caloris Basin

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16
Q

Was there Tectonic Activity on the moon?

A

Yes there was, early in the moon’s creation where it was hot enough to exhibit tectonic activity. This caused basaltic magma eruptions. Later, after the moon mostly cooled down, tectonic activity seized

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17
Q

How were maria formed

A

When impact craters dug deep enough to penetrate the crust, basaltic magma flooded these holes. Note that Maria was only created when tectonic activity was still exhibited.

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18
Q

How were lunar highlands formed

A

When the Moon was cooling, Denser basaltic magma sinks due to magmatic differentiation and it formed the feldspar rich lunar highlands.

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19
Q

Mercury also has lowlands similar to the Maria on the moon, why is that?

A

Formed very similarly to maria, where crater impacts left holes that magma later filled.

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20
Q

Which planet has the most circular orbit around the sun?

A

Venus

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21
Q

Orbit period of Venus

A

225 days

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22
Q

Which planet has retrograde motion

A

Venus, rotates in the opposite direction of other planets

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23
Q

1 venus day is equal to how many earth days

A

243

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24
Q

Which planet has the densest atmosphere

A

Venus

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25
Q

What is venus’ atmosphere mostly composed of

A

Carbon Dioxide

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26
Q

Why is venus so hot during the night and the day?

A

High amounts of carbon dioxide in atmosphere lead to high levels of greenhouse effect.

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27
Q

Venus has a molten metal core but doesnt seem to have a magnetic field, why is that

A

Core does not exhibit convection

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28
Q

were plate tectonics ever active on venus?

A

No

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29
Q

Why is venus’ surface covered by the atmosphere?

A

Thick cloud layer of tiny sulfuric acid droplets

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30
Q

Why does Venus not have many craters

A

Thick atmosphere

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31
Q

Largest known lava channel in solar system

A

Baltis Vallis on Venus

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32
Q

Why are there lava features on Venus

A

High surface temperatures leads to more melt produced

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33
Q

Why are there volcanoes on venus

A

Mantle plumes

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34
Q

What do venusian volcanoes look like

A

Flatter and larger compared to earth’s due to higher temperatures allowing for lava to stay mobile for longer.

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35
Q

Largest volcano on venus

A

Maat Mons

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36
Q

Mars orbit period

A

687 earth days

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37
Q

Does mars have an atmosphere

A

Very thin one

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38
Q

Atmosphere of mars is composed mostly of what

A

carbon dioxide

39
Q

Why does mars look red

A

Iron oxide in soil

40
Q

Mars surface is mostly made up of

A

2/3 heavily cratered highlands and 1/3 low plains

41
Q

Most low plains in the terrestrial planets are created because

A

Basaltic outpourings of lava

42
Q

What is the Tharsis Bulge

A

Elevated along the martian equator the size of North America

43
Q

Does Mars have tectonic forces

A

no

44
Q

What are the Valles Marineris

A

Mariner valleys formed on Mars surface that was created mostly from graben-like valleys formed by down-faulting

45
Q

What is Hellas

A

Largest Visible Impact crater on mars

46
Q

What is Olympus Mons

A

Largest volcano in solar system found on Mars

47
Q

Why does mars have scarce amounts of craters

A

Heavy volcanism

48
Q

Does mars exhibit tectonic forces

A

No

49
Q

How are volcanoes on mars formed?

A

Similar to venus, mantle plumes rise and create volcanoes

50
Q

Dominant force in shaping mars surface

A

Wind erosion

51
Q

Which terrestrial planet has polar ice caps(other than earth)

A

Mars

52
Q

Largest planet

A

Jupiter

53
Q

Jupiter Orbital Period

A

12 earth Years

54
Q

Jupiter rotation period

A

Under 10 hours

55
Q

What makes Jupiter’s appearance and why

A

3 layers of clouds. Blue-gray water ice lower layer, orange-brown f ammonium hydrosulfide middle layer, and white wispy clouds of ammonia ice on top.

56
Q

What drives heat on Jupiter

A

contraction of Jupiter due to immense gravity

57
Q

What does self-emanating heat on Jupiter cause

A

atmospheric circulation. Produces huge convection currents

58
Q

What does the convective currents on Jupiter cause

A

alternating dark-colored belts and light-colored zones

59
Q

What do the light-colored zones on Jupiter represent

A

regions where
warm material is ascending and cooling

59
Q

What do the dark-colored belts on Jupiter represent

A

Regions where cold material is sinking and
warming

60
Q

what direction does convective circulation on jupiter move

A

east-west

61
Q

What is the great red spot

A

Enormous anticyclone storm on jupiter

62
Q

Largest of the Jovian Satilites

A

Ganymede

63
Q

What are the galilean satilites

A

Ganymede, Io, Europa, and castillo

64
Q

Most volcanically active body in the solar system

A

Io

65
Q

Innermost Jupiter Satellite

A

Io

66
Q

What causes Io to be so volcanically active

A

Tidal energy generated by the gravity of jupiter and other jovian satellites

67
Q

Europa is special from other Jovian satellites because

A

Good prospect of a water ocean below the icy surface

68
Q

What are jupiters rings made up of

A

Dark- smoke like particles

69
Q

One orbit on Saturn is how long

A

29 earth years

70
Q

Atmosphere of Saturn is mainly composed of what

A

hydrogen

71
Q

What are clouds on Saturn mainly made up of

A

ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water

72
Q

How does saturn generate heat

A

much like jupiter, Saturn has an internal heat source

73
Q

What is enceladus

A

Moon on saturn that exhibits cryovolcanism

74
Q

Only satellites in the solar system with atmospheres

A

Neptune’s Triton and Saturn’s Titan

75
Q

What are Saturn’s main rings

A

A and B rings. They are bright and composed of particles with variable size

76
Q

What is Saturn’s E ring

A

Small outer ring composed of particles formed from Cryovolcanism on Enceladus

77
Q

What makes uranus and neptune blue

A

Methane in the Atmosphere

78
Q

What makes Uranus unique to the other planets

A

It rotates on its side

79
Q

Describe neptune land conditions

A

Extremely windy

80
Q

Which Satellites exhibit Cryovolcanism

A

Saturn’s Enceladus and Neptunes’ Triton

81
Q

Largest Neptune Satellite

A

Triton

82
Q

Largest Known object in asteroid belt

A

Ceres

83
Q

What are Asteroids

A

Planetesimals that are left over from the creation of our Solar system

84
Q

Where do most asteroids lie

A

Asteroid belt

85
Q

What is the Asteroid belt

A

Area between Mars and
Jupiter where lots of asteroids lie

86
Q

What are Comets

A

loose collections of rocky material, dust, water
ice, and frozen gases

87
Q

Shortest orbit period comet

A

Enckes Comet

88
Q

What is the Nucleus of the Comet

A

small central body

89
Q

What is the coma of a comet

A

escaping gases that come from the Nucleus of the comet to produce huge dusty atmosphere. Gasses escape when the Comet comes within 5 AU of the sun, which heats up the nucleus

90
Q

Which 2 regions do most comets originate

A

Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

91
Q

What is the Kuiper Belt

A

hosts a large group of icy objects that reside in the
outer solar system, beyond the orbit of Neptune

92
Q

What is the Oort Cloud

A

icy planetesimals that form a roughly
spherical shell around the outer reaches of the solar
system

earth science (32 decks)

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