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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 22 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nebular theory

A

proposes that the Sun and the planets formed from the same rotating cloud of interstellar gases, called the solar nebula

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2
Q

How did the four terrestrial protoplanets form

A

As metals condensed near the sun, they collided into each other, growing into planetesimals that pulled other forms of matter in.

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3
Q

2 types of planets

A

Terrestrial and Jovian

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4
Q

2 types of terrain on the moon

A

dark lowlands and bright highly cratered highlands

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5
Q

What are maria

A

Dark lowlands on the moon

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6
Q

what are terrae

A

Bright cratered highlands of the moon

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7
Q

What is lunar regolith

A

blanket of debris on the moons surface

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8
Q

Which planet has greatest extremes of night to day temperatures

A

Mercury

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9
Q

Fastest rotating planet around the sun is

A

Mercury

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10
Q

How long is a day-night cycle on mercury

A

176 days

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11
Q

How long is one rotation around the sun on mercury

A

88 days

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12
Q

Does mercury have an atmosphere?

A

Nah

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13
Q

Does Mercury have a magnetic field

A

Yup

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14
Q

Why does Mercury have a magnetic field

A

Large molten core compared to planet size

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15
Q

Largest known crater impact on Mercury

A

Caloris Basin

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16
Q

Was there Tectonic Activity on the moon?

A

Yes there was, early in the moon’s creation where it was hot enough to exhibit tectonic activity. This caused basaltic magma eruptions. Later, after the moon mostly cooled down, tectonic activity seized

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17
Q

How were maria formed

A

When impact craters dug deep enough to penetrate the crust, basaltic magma flooded these holes. Note that Maria was only created when tectonic activity was still exhibited.

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18
Q

How were lunar highlands formed

A

When the Moon was cooling, Denser basaltic magma sinks due to magmatic differentiation and it formed the feldspar rich lunar highlands.

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19
Q

Mercury also has lowlands similar to the Maria on the moon, why is that?

A

Formed very similarly to maria, where crater impacts left holes that magma later filled.

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20
Q

Which planet has the most circular orbit around the sun?

A

Venus

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21
Q

Orbit period of Venus

A

225 days

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22
Q

Which planet has retrograde motion

A

Venus, rotates in the opposite direction of other planets

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23
Q

1 venus day is equal to how many earth days

A

243

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24
Q

Which planet has the densest atmosphere

A

Venus

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25
What is venus' atmosphere mostly composed of
Carbon Dioxide
26
Why is venus so hot during the night and the day?
High amounts of carbon dioxide in atmosphere lead to high levels of greenhouse effect.
27
Venus has a molten metal core but doesnt seem to have a magnetic field, why is that
Core does not exhibit convection
28
were plate tectonics ever active on venus?
No
29
Why is venus' surface covered by the atmosphere?
Thick cloud layer of tiny sulfuric acid droplets
30
Why does Venus not have many craters
Thick atmosphere
31
Largest known lava channel in solar system
Baltis Vallis on Venus
32
Why are there lava features on Venus
High surface temperatures leads to more melt produced
33
Why are there volcanoes on venus
Mantle plumes
34
What do venusian volcanoes look like
Flatter and larger compared to earth's due to higher temperatures allowing for lava to stay mobile for longer.
35
Largest volcano on venus
Maat Mons
36
Mars orbit period
687 earth days
37
Does mars have an atmosphere
Very thin one
38
Atmosphere of mars is composed mostly of what
carbon dioxide
39
Why does mars look red
Iron oxide in soil
40
Mars surface is mostly made up of
2/3 heavily cratered highlands and 1/3 low plains. southern hemisphere is a rugged, cratered highland, while the northern hemisphere is a smooth, lower-lying plain
41
Most low plains in the terrestrial planets are created because
Basaltic outpourings of lava
42
What is the Tharsis Bulge
Elevated region along the martian equator the size of North America
43
Does Mars have tectonic forces
no
44
What are the Valles Marineris
Mariner valleys formed on Mars surface that was created mostly from graben-like valleys formed by down-faulting
45
What is Hellas
Largest Visible Impact crater on mars
46
What is Olympus Mons
Largest volcano in solar system found on Mars
47
Why does mars have scarce amounts of craters
erosion
48
Does mars exhibit tectonic forces
No
49
How are volcanoes on mars formed?
Similar to venus, mantle plumes rise and create volcanoes
50
Dominant force in shaping mars surface
Wind erosion
51
Which terrestrial planet has polar ice caps(other than earth)
Mars
52
Largest planet
Jupiter
53
Jupiter Orbital Period
12 earth Years
54
Jupiter rotation period
Under 10 hours
55
What makes Jupiter's appearance and why
3 layers of clouds. Blue-gray water ice lower layer, orange-brown f ammonium hydrosulfide middle layer, and white wispy clouds of ammonia ice on top.
56
What drives heat on Jupiter
contraction of Jupiter due to immense gravity
57
What does self-emanating heat on Jupiter cause
atmospheric circulation. Produces huge convection currents
58
What does the convective currents on Jupiter cause
alternating dark-colored belts and light-colored zones
59
What do the light-colored zones on Jupiter represent
regions where warm material is ascending and cooling
59
What do the dark-colored belts on Jupiter represent
Regions where cold material is sinking and warming
60
what direction does convective circulation on jupiter move
east-west
61
What is the great red spot
Enormous anticyclone storm on jupiter
62
Largest of the Jovian Satilites
Ganymede
63
What are the galilean satilites
Ganymede, Io, Europa, and castillo
64
Most volcanically active body in the solar system
Io
65
Innermost Jupiter Satellite
Io
66
What causes Io to be so volcanically active
Tidal energy generated by the gravity of jupiter and other jovian satellites
67
Europa is special from other Jovian satellites because
Good prospect of a water ocean below the icy surface
68
What are jupiters rings made up of
Dark- smoke like particles
69
One orbit on Saturn is how long
29 earth years
70
Atmosphere of Saturn is mainly composed of what
hydrogen
71
What are clouds on Saturn mainly made up of
ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water
72
How does saturn generate heat
much like jupiter, Saturn has an internal heat source
73
What is enceladus
Moon on saturn that exhibits cryovolcanism
74
Only satellites in the solar system with signifcant atmospheres
Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Titan
75
What are Saturn's main rings
A and B rings. They are bright and composed of particles with variable size
76
What is Saturn's E ring
Small outer ring composed of particles formed from Cryovolcanism on Enceladus
77
What makes uranus and neptune blue
Methane in the Atmosphere
78
What makes Uranus unique to the other planets
It rotates on its side
79
Describe neptune land conditions
Extremely windy
80
Which Satellites exhibit Cryovolcanism
Saturn's Enceladus and Neptunes' Triton
81
Largest Neptune Satellite
Triton
82
Largest Known object in asteroid belt
Ceres
83
What are Asteroids
Planetesimals that are left over from the creation of our Solar system
84
Where do most asteroids lie
Asteroid belt
85
What is the Asteroid belt
Area between Mars and Jupiter where lots of asteroids lie
86
What are Comets
loose collections of rocky material, dust, water ice, and frozen gases
87
Shortest orbit period comet
Enckes Comet
88
What is the Nucleus of the Comet
small central body
89
What is the coma of a comet
escaping gases that come from the Nucleus of the comet to produce huge dusty atmosphere. Gasses escape when the Comet comes within 5 AU of the sun, which heats up the nucleus
90
Which 2 regions do most comets originate
Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
91
What is the Kuiper Belt
hosts a large group of icy objects that reside in the outer solar system, beyond the orbit of Neptune
92
What is the Oort Cloud
icy planetesimals that form a roughly spherical shell around the outer reaches of the solar system

earth science (48 decks)

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