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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 6 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mafic magmas have

A

Lower Silica Content, Lower Gas content, Erupt at higher temperatures

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2
Q

Felsic Magmas have

A

Higher Silica Content, Higher Gas Content, Erupt at Lower temperatures

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3
Q

most magma is generated in Earth’s upper mantle by

A

Partial Melting

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4
Q

Magmas generated by melting of mantle rocks tend to have what composition

A

Mafic Composition

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5
Q

Largest quantity of basaltic magmas is erupted where

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges and Hot-Spot Volcanism

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6
Q

What happens in Continental Crust that changes magma generated by partial melting to have a more intermediate composition

A

the magma usually is denser than overlying continental crust, resulting in the magma pooling at the crust-mantle boundary. This causes overlying crust to be melted and forming a more silica rich mix as the magma then continues to rise.

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7
Q

The two primary factors that determine how magma erupts are its

A

Viscosity and Gas content

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8
Q

What are Effusive Eruptions

A

Eruptions that are quiet/non-violent

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9
Q

What does viscosity measure

A

a fluid’s mobility

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10
Q

magma’s viscosity depends primarily on its

A

Temperature and Silica Content

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11
Q

The more silica in a magma,

A

The more viscous it will be

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12
Q

The hotter the magma,

A

the more fluid it will be

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13
Q

The most abundant gasses in a magma is

A

Water vapor and carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Most Felsic Magma tend to extrude ____ instead of lava

A

Volcanic Ash

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15
Q

Fluid basaltic magma tend to generate 2 types of lavas, called ____ and ____

A

aa and Pahoehoe

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16
Q

Describe aa flows

A

surfaces of rough jagged blocks
with dangerously sharp edge

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17
Q

Describe Pahoehoe Flows

A

smooth surfaces that sometimes resemble twisted braids of ropes

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18
Q

Difference between aa and pahoehoe flows

A

pahoehoe lavas are hotter and more fluid than aa flows

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19
Q

What is a lava tube

A

Cave-like tunnels developed by Pahoehoe flows

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20
Q

Describe pillow lavas

A

Tube-like Structures formed at mid-ocean ridges caused by excessive cooling and break through of magma

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21
Q

Dissolved gasses in magma is called

A

Volatiles

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22
Q

what are pyroclastic materials

A

rock and fragments of lava and glass

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23
Q

What are pyroclastic materials also called

A

Tephra

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24
Q

What is Lapilli

A

Tephra between 2-64 mm

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25
Q

What is volcanic Ash

A

Tephra smaller than 2 mm

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26
Q

2 tephra types larger than 64 mm

A

Volcanic Bombs and Volcanic Blocks

27
Q

What is a cinder cone

A

small, steep-sided volcanic landform made primarily of pyroclastic material,

28
Q

What is a fissure on a volcano

A

Crack developed by Magma forcing its way up to the surface

29
Q

what is a conduit on a volcano

A

Pipe-shaped channel/pipe that carries magma up through a fissure

30
Q

What is a vent on a volcano

A

surface opening of the volcano

31
Q

What are Calderas on a volcano

A

a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses

32
Q

What is crater on volcano

A

bowl-shaped depression or hollow formed at the summit of the volcano created by explosions caused by volcanic activity

33
Q

Describe Parasitic Cones

A

flows formed by fissures that develop along the flanks (sides) or at the base of the volcano

34
Q

What are Fumaroles

A

Vents on the side of a volcano that only emit gas

35
Q

Describe Shield Volcanoes

A

accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad, slightly domed structure that resembles a warrior’s shield

36
Q

What are seamounts

A

Underwater volcanoes

37
Q

Most Shield Volcanoes begin on the Ocean Floor as ______

A

Seamounts

38
Q

Largest Shield Volcano

A

Mauna Loa

39
Q

What is a composite volcano also called

A

Stratovolcano

40
Q

What are Composite Volcanoes

A

Good looking yet potentially dangerous volcanoes

41
Q

Composite Volcanoes are made from what type of magma

A

Silica-Rich magma

42
Q

Intermediate Magma generates _____ volcanoes that eject lots of _________

A

Composite, Pyroclastic

43
Q

Composite Volcanoes often have ___ slopes

A

Steep

44
Q

Shield Volcanoes often have ____ slopes

A

Gentle

45
Q

Pyroclastic Flows are Also known as

A

Nuee Ardentes

46
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow

A

a dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great speed

47
Q

Describe Lahars

A

Fluid Mudflow caused when volcanic debris becomes saturated with water and rapidly moves down volcanic slopes forming mostly around volcanoes with snow-laden peaks

48
Q

How can Volcanic Eruptions cause Tsunamis

A

Collapse of the Volcanic cone can fall into the water, causing a large wave

49
Q

How do volcanic eruptions affect the atmosphere

A

volcanoes eject dust-sized particles of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide gas high into the
atmosphere. The ash particles reflect sunlight back to
space, producing temporary atmospheric cooling

50
Q

What are Volcanic Necks

A

roughly cylindrical forms of igneous rock when the magma in volcanic conduit cools after a volcano goes inactive. These can be seen when volcanoes are weathered down.

51
Q

What are Flood Basalts

A

Formed when Fissure Eruptions blanket wide areas in basalt.

52
Q

What are fissure eruptions

A

When volcano eruptions produce fluid basaltic lava rather than building cones.

53
Q

Intrusive Bodies of Magma are also called

A

Plutons

54
Q

An intrusion is said to be Discordant if

A

They cut across existing structures

55
Q

An intrusion is said to be Concordant if

A

they inject parallel to features such as sedimentary strata

56
Q

What is a Dike

A

discordant bodies that form when magma
is forcibly injected into fractures and cut across bedding surfaces and other structures in the host rock

57
Q

What is a Sill

A

nearly horizontal, concordant bodies that form when magma exploits weaknesses between sedimentary beds or other rock structures

58
Q

What are dikes mostly do

A

serve as tabular conduits that transport magma upward

59
Q

What are sills mostly do

A

accumulate magma and increase in thickness

60
Q

Where do Dikes and Sills usually form

A

They form close to the surface, where the crust is brittle enough to fracture

61
Q

Largest intrusive bodies are

A

Batholiths

62
Q

Describe a batholith

A

mammoth linear structures several hundred kilometers long and more than 100 kilometers wide

63
Q

What is the Difference between Batholiths and Stocks

A

surface exposure less than 100 square kilometers

64
Q

What is a Laccolith

A

igneous rock forcibly injected between sedimentary strata, so as to arch the beds above while leaving those below relatively flat, kind of like a mushroom top.

earth science (14 decks)

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