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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the ozone layer do

A

absorbs UV rays

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2
Q

What is the troposphere

A

Lowest layer of atmosphere

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3
Q

What is the outer boundary of the troposphere called

A

Tropopause

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4
Q

Does temperature decrease or increase in the troposphere as altitude increases

A

decreases

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5
Q

What is the stratosphere

A

2nd layer of the atmosphere

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6
Q

Does temperature decrease or increase in the stratosphere as altitude increases

A

Temperature increases, as concentrated amounts of ozone absorb UV radiation from the sun

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7
Q

What is the mesosphere

A

3rd layer of atmosphere

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8
Q

Does temperature decrease or increase in the Mesosphere as altitude increases

A

Decrease

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9
Q

What is the thermosphere

A

4th layer of the atmosphere

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10
Q

Does temperature decrease or increase in the thermosphere as altitude increases

A

increases, due to sun radiation

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11
Q

list the layers of the atmosphere and boundaries

A

Troposphere, Tropopause, Stratosphere, Stratopause, Mesosphere, Mesopause, and Thermosphere

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12
Q

What are the two principal motions of the earth

A

Rotation on its axis and Orbit around the sun

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13
Q

What is the circle of Illumination

A

line separating the dark half of Earth from the
lighted half

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14
Q

What is perihelion

A

the position where the earth is closer to the sun than any other time due to the elliptical orbit of earth around the sun

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15
Q

When is perihelion usually

A

Jan 3rd

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16
Q

What is aphelion

A

the position where the earth is farther to the sun than any other time due to the elliptical orbit of earth around the sun

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17
Q

When is aphelion usually

A

July 4th

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18
Q

What are the primary factors in seasonal temperature changes

A

Changes in daylight hours and Changes in the Suns angle

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19
Q

How does Changes in daylight hours cause seasonal temperature changes

A

longer days in summer lead to more solar energy reaching the earth

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20
Q

How does Changes in the Suns angle cause seasonal temperature changes

A

higher sun angles in the summer lead to more concentrated solar radiation and lower sun angles in the winter lead to less intense and concentrated solar radiation

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21
Q

Where will the sun hit the earth at a 90 degree angle

A

1 line of latitude and everywhere north and south of this line will have lower angles

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22
Q

What causes the fluctuations of sun angle and daylight hours throughout the year

A

Earth’s axial tilt

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23
Q

what is the summer solstice

A

Earths axis is tilted the maximum toward the sun, marks the beginning of summer in northern hemisphere and winter in the Southern .Longer sunlight hours in the Northern and shorter in the Southern

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24
Q

When is the summer solstice

A

June 21-22

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25
Q

Where does sunlight directly strike on the summer solstice

A

Tropic of Cancer, 23.5 degrees north of the equator

26
Q

What is the winter solstice

A

Earths axis is tilted the maximum toward the sun, marks the beginning of summer in Southern hemisphere and winter in the Northern. Longer sunlight hours in the Southern and shorter in the north

27
Q

When is the Winter solstice

A

December 21-22

28
Q

Where does sunlight directly strike on the summer solstice

A

Tropic of Capricorn, 23.5 degrees south of the equator

29
Q

What are the equinoxes

A

Earths position cause the sun rays to strike the equator, resulting in equal day and night hours worldwide

30
Q

Locations further north experience _____days during the summer solstice.

A

longer, meaning the further north you are relative to the equator, the more hours the sun will be visible. Its vice versa for the winter solstice

31
Q

What is conduction

A

The transfer of heat through direct contact between objects.

32
Q

What is convection

A

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases). Where Warmer, less dense fluids rise, while cooler, denser fluids sink

33
Q

connection of convection and our atmosphere

A

convection drives the vertical movement of air

34
Q

What is radiation

A

radiation travels out in all directions from its source. Unlike conduction and convection,
which need a medium to travel through, radiant energy
readily travels through the vacuum of space.

35
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

A form of energy that travels through space as waves.
Includes a wide range of types, from radio waves to gamma rays.
All forms travel at the speed of light.

36
Q

Lowest to highest frequency electromagnetic waves

A

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma

37
Q

All objects emit ________

A

Radiation

38
Q

hotter objects emit ____ energy

A

More

39
Q

Hotter objects emit ______ wavelengths

A

shorter

40
Q

Good Absorbers of radiation are _____ emitters

A

Good

41
Q

What are the different conclusions solar radiation end at when it reaches earth’s atmosphere

A

Absorption, Transmission, Reflection/scattering

42
Q

What is the fate of solar radiation on earth given in percentages

A

50% absorbed by Earth’s surface, 30% reflected back to space by the atmosphere, clouds, and reflective surfaces, and 20% Absorbed by Clouds and atmospheric gasses

43
Q

What is reflection

A

Occurs when light bounces off a surface at the same angle it strikes it.

44
Q

What is scattering

A

light is redirected in various directions after interacting with particles in the atmosphere

45
Q

Key factor determining whether reflection or scattering occurs

A

Size of particles, smaller particles tend to cause scattering and Larger particles tend to cause reflection

46
Q

What is albedo

A

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface.

47
Q

What is the Earth’s albedo

A

30%

48
Q

More clouds generally ______ albedo

A

Increase

49
Q

Different surfaces have different Albedos, T/F

A

True

50
Q

What are the 2 effects of scattering in the atmosphere

A

Diffused light, which is allowing light to reach areas not directly exposed to sunlight, and Blue sky, which is the fact that the sky is blue due to scattering of blue light by atmospheric molecules, as shorter wavelengths, like blue are scattered more effectively than longer ones

51
Q

Approximately ______of the solar radiation absorbed at Earth’s surface arrives as diffused light,

A

half

52
Q

How is the atmosphere heated

A

The atmosphere is indirectly heated, as Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation, warms up, and then transfers this heat to the atmosphere through processes like conduction and convection.

53
Q

What is reradiation of the earth

A

absorbed solar energy is reradiated back into space as longwave (infrared) radiation.

54
Q

How does the Greenhouse Effect connect with reradiation of the earth

A

It is transparent to incoming shortwave solar radiation but absorbs outgoing longwave radiation, leading to warming of the atmosphere.

55
Q

What are isotherms

A

Lines on a map connecting points with the same temperature. Used to visualize the spatial distribution of temperature over a region.

56
Q

Difference between how temperature is absorbed on land vs in water

A

Land heats up and cools down faster than water, causing more variable air temperatures over land.

57
Q

Why is there smaller temperature changes in the southern hemisphere

A

southern hemisphere is more water than the northern

58
Q

Describe Windward Coast climates, where Prevailing winds blow from the sea to the land

A

Experience a more moderate climate due to prevailing winds blowing from the ocean onto the land. This brings cool summer temperatures and milder winters

59
Q

Describe Leeward Coast climates, where Prevailing winds blow from the land to the sea

A

Experience more continental climates with greater temperature extremes due to prevailing winds blowing from the land towards the ocean, limiting the moderating influence of the ocean.

60
Q

wClouds have high albedo but they also do what that

A

Act as a blanket, trapping heat near the surface, as They absorb longwave radiation emitted by Earth and re-radiate a portion back to the surface. This causes a reduction in the daily temperature range by lowering daytime maximums and raising nighttime minimums.

61
Q

Mountains usually act as what to wind

A

barriers, blocking the flow of air and influencing local temperatures.

earth science (23 decks)

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