Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 16

Question 1

What does the ozone layer do

Answer 1

absorbs UV rays

Question 2

What is the troposphere

Answer 2

Lowest layer of atmosphere

Question 3

What is the outer boundary of the troposphere called

Answer 3

Tropopause

Question 4

Does temperature decrease or increase in the troposphere as altitude increases

Answer 4

decreases

Question 5

What is the stratosphere

Answer 5

2nd layer of the atmosphere

Question 6

Does temperature decrease or increase in the stratosphere as altitude increases

Answer 6

Temperature increases, as concentrated amounts of ozone absorb UV radiation from the sun

Question 7

What is the mesosphere

Answer 7

3rd layer of atmosphere

Question 8

Does temperature decrease or increase in the Mesosphere as altitude increases

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

What is the thermosphere

Answer 9

4th layer of the atmosphere

Question 10

Does temperature decrease or increase in the thermosphere as altitude increases

Answer 10

increases, due to sun radiation

Question 11

list the layers of the atmosphere and boundaries

Answer 11

Troposphere, Tropopause, Stratosphere, Stratopause, Mesosphere, Mesopause, and Thermosphere

Question 12

What are the two principal motions of the earth

Answer 12

Rotation on its axis and Orbit around the sun

Question 13

What is the circle of Illumination

Answer 13

line separating the dark half of Earth from the
lighted half

Question 14

What is perihelion

Answer 14

the position where the earth is closer to the sun than any other time due to the elliptical orbit of earth around the sun

Question 15

When is perihelion usually

Answer 15

Jan 3rd

Question 16

What is aphelion

Answer 16

the position where the earth is farther to the sun than any other time due to the elliptical orbit of earth around the sun

Question 17

When is aphelion usually

Answer 17

July 4th

Question 18

What are the primary factors in seasonal temperature changes

Answer 18

Changes in daylight hours and Changes in the Suns angle

Question 19

How does Changes in daylight hours cause seasonal temperature changes

Answer 19

longer days in summer lead to more solar energy reaching the earth

Question 20

How does Changes in the Suns angle cause seasonal temperature changes

Answer 20

higher sun angles in the summer lead to more concentrated solar radiation and lower sun angles in the winter lead to less intense and concentrated solar radiation

Question 21

Where will the sun hit the earth at a 90 degree angle

Answer 21

1 line of latitude and everywhere north and south of this line will have lower angles

Question 22

What causes the fluctuations of sun angle and daylight hours throughout the year

Answer 22

Earth’s axial tilt

Question 23

what is the summer solstice

Answer 23

Earths axis is tilted the maximum toward the sun, marks the beginning of summer in northern hemisphere and winter in the Southern .Longer sunlight hours in the Northern and shorter in the Southern

Question 24

When is the summer solstice

Answer 24

June 21-22

Question 25

Where does sunlight directly strike on the summer solstice

Answer 25

Tropic of Cancer, 23.5 degrees north of the equator

Question 26

What is the winter solstice

Answer 26

Earths axis is tilted the maximum toward the sun, marks the beginning of summer in Southern hemisphere and winter in the Northern. Longer sunlight hours in the Southern and shorter in the north

Question 27

When is the Winter solstice

Answer 27

December 21-22

Question 28

Where does sunlight directly strike on the summer solstice

Answer 28

Tropic of Cancer, 23.5 degrees North of the equator

Question 29

What are the equinoxes

Answer 29

Earths position cause the sun rays to strike the equator, resulting in equal day and night hours worldwide

Question 30

Locations further north experience _____days during the summer solstice.

Answer 30

longer, meaning the further north you are relative to the equator, the more hours the sun will be visible. Its vice versa for the winter solstice

Question 31

What is conduction

Answer 31

The transfer of heat through direct contact between objects.

Question 32

What is convection

Answer 32

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases). Where Warmer, less dense fluids rise, while cooler, denser fluids sink

Question 33

connection of convection and our atmosphere

Answer 33

convection drives the vertical movement of air

Question 34

What is radiation

Answer 34

radiation travels out in all directions from its source. Unlike conduction and convection, which need a medium to travel through, radiant energy readily travels through the vacuum of space.

Question 35

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 35

A form of energy that travels through space as waves. Includes a wide range of types, from radio waves to gamma rays. All forms travel at the speed of light.

Question 36

Lowest to highest frequency electromagnetic waves

Answer 36

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma

Question 37

All objects emit ________

Answer 37

Radiation

Question 38

hotter objects emit ____ energy

Answer 38

More

Question 39

Hotter objects emit ______ wavelengths

Answer 39

shorter

Question 40

Good Absorbers of radiation are _____ emitters

Answer 40

Good

Question 41

What are the different conclusions solar radiation end at when it reaches earth's atmosphere

Answer 41

Absorption, Transmission, Reflection/scattering

Question 42

What is the fate of solar radiation on earth given in percentages

Answer 42

50% absorbed by Earth's surface, 30% reflected back to space by the atmosphere, clouds, and reflective surfaces, and 20% Absorbed by Clouds and atmospheric gasses

Question 43

What is reflection

Answer 43

Occurs when light bounces off a surface at the same angle it strikes it.

Question 44

What is scattering

Answer 44

light is redirected in various directions after interacting with particles in the atmosphere

Question 45

Key factor determining whether reflection or scattering occurs

Answer 45

Size of particles, smaller particles tend to cause scattering and Larger particles tend to cause reflection

Question 46

What is albedo

Answer 46

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface.

Question 47

What is the Earth's albedo

Answer 47

30%

Question 48

More clouds generally ______ albedo

Answer 48

Increase

Question 49

Different surfaces have different Albedos, T/F

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What are the 2 effects of scattering in the atmosphere

Answer 50

Diffused light, which is allowing light to reach areas not directly exposed to sunlight, and Blue sky, which is the fact that the sky is blue due to scattering of blue light by atmospheric molecules, as shorter wavelengths, like blue are scattered more effectively than longer ones

Question 51

Approximately ______of the solar radiation absorbed at Earth's surface arrives as diffused light,

Answer 51

half

Question 52

How is the atmosphere heated

Answer 52

The atmosphere is indirectly heated, as Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation, warms up, and then transfers this heat to the atmosphere through processes like conduction and convection.

Question 53

What is reradiation of the earth

Answer 53

absorbed solar energy is reradiated back into space as longwave (infrared) radiation.

Question 54

How does the Greenhouse Effect connect with reradiation of the earth

Answer 54

It is transparent to incoming shortwave solar radiation but absorbs outgoing longwave radiation, leading to warming of the atmosphere.

Question 55

What are isotherms

Answer 55

Lines on a map connecting points with the same temperature. Used to visualize the spatial distribution of temperature over a region.

Question 56

Difference between how temperature is absorbed on land vs in water

Answer 56

Land heats up and cools down faster than water, causing more variable air temperatures over land.

Question 57

Why is there smaller temperature changes in the southern hemisphere

Answer 57

southern hemisphere is more water than the northern

Question 58

Describe Windward Coast climates, where Prevailing winds blow from the sea to the land

Answer 58

Experience a more moderate climate due to prevailing winds blowing from the ocean onto the land. This brings cool summer temperatures and milder winters

Question 59

Describe Leeward Coast climates, where Prevailing winds blow from the land to the sea

Answer 59

Experience more continental climates with greater temperature extremes due to prevailing winds blowing from the land towards the ocean, limiting the moderating influence of the ocean.

Question 60

wClouds have high albedo but they also do what that

Answer 60

Act as a blanket, trapping heat near the surface, as They absorb longwave radiation emitted by Earth and re-radiate a portion back to the surface. This causes a reduction in the daily temperature range by lowering daytime maximums and raising nighttime minimums.  

Question 61

Mountains usually act as what to wind

Answer 61

barriers, blocking the flow of air and influencing local temperatures.