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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 9 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Infiltration

A

Water soaks into the ground

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2
Q

What is Runoff

A

When rate of rainfall exceeds grounds capacity to absorb it, water flows into lakes, streams, etc.

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3
Q

What is transpiration

A

Water gets absorbed by plants which later release it back into the atmosphere

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4
Q

What is a Drainage bed/ Watershed

A

The area the stream drains

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5
Q

Where is the zone of sediment production usually found in a stream

A

headwater/ beginning of the stream

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6
Q

What are trunk streams

A

area where material produced in the zone of sediment is transported through.

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7
Q

When a river reaches the
ocean or another large body of water, it _________

A

Slows

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8
Q

Why is the sediment that reaches the ocean mostly fine

A

Coarse sediments are deposited at higher energy locations, i.e. higher upstream

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9
Q

What is dendritic drainage pattern

A

drainage pattern that has “Branch”-like pattern. Develops on mostly uniform surface material

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10
Q

What is Radial drainage pattern

A

Drainage pattern that has streams diverging from 1 central area. Usually develops on isolated volcanic cones or domes

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11
Q

What is rectangular drainage pattern

A

Drainage pattern that has streams exhibiting right-angle bends. Develops on bedrock crisscrossed with faults or joints.

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12
Q

What is Trellis Drainage Pattern

A

Drainage pattern where streams are nearly parallel. Usually develops on bedrock with crisscrossing resistant and less-resistant rock

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13
Q

What is Laminar Flow in a stream

A

slow flowing streams where water is flowing parallel to stream channel

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14
Q

What is turbulent flow in a stream

A

a type of stream flow that is more common than Laminar flow. These types of streams exhibit turbulent activity, such as whirlpools, eddies, etc.

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15
Q

Smooth River channels lead to _______ flow because

A

Uniform, as the water in contact with the channel experiences less friction

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16
Q

What is the discharge of a river

A

the volume of water
flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

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17
Q

How is river discharge calculated

A

Stream’s cross sectional area multiplied by its velocity

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18
Q

What are intermittent streams

A

Streams that only flow during wet periods

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19
Q

What are ephemeral streams

A

Streams that only carry water occasionally in Arid climates

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20
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, slope does what

A

Decreases

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21
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, Discharge does what

A

increases

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22
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, the channel gets smoother or coarser

A

Smoother

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23
Q

3 ways a stream carries sediment

A

in solution(dissolved load), in suspension(suspended load), and bouncing along the bottom(bed load)

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24
Q

Relation of settling velocity, flow velocity, and suspended load

A

as long as flow
velocity exceeds settling velocity, sediment remains
suspended and is transported downstream

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25
Q

What type of sediment is usually carried as bed load

A

Coarser sediments that are too large to be carried through suspension

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26
Q

Sediment Capacity of a stream depends on what

A

Stream Discharge

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27
Q

Sediment competency of a stream depends on what

A

Velocity of the stream

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28
Q

General Term of Sediment deposited by rivers is

A

Alluvium

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29
Q

What are bedrock channels

A

Streams that cut into the bedrock, usually found upstream

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30
Q

What are Alluvial Channels

A

Stream channels composed of loosely unconsolidated sediment

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31
Q

What are the 2 common types of alluvial channels

A

Meandering channels and Braided channels

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32
Q

What is a meandering channel

A

Streams that transport much
of their load in suspension and move in sweeping bends

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33
Q

What is a Cut Bank

A

The outside of the meander, the zone of erosion in a meandering stream

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34
Q

What is a meander

A

The Sweeping Bends of Meandering Streams

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35
Q

Where is maximum velocity in a meandering stream

A

outside of the meander

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36
Q

How do Oxbow Lakes form

A

When a meandering stream reaches an area of more resistant bedrock, it causes the meander above to erode the material between the two meanders. This causes the river to form a narrow neck of land called a cutoff that leaves the abandoned bend as the oxbow lake

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37
Q

What are braided streams

A

Complex networks of converging and diverging channels that thread through numerous small islands. The streams load consists mostly of coarse material

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38
Q

What is a stream valley

A

consists of a channel and the surrounding terrain that directs water to the stream

39
Q

What is the lower limit that determines how deeply a stream can erode

A

Base Level

40
Q

Ultimate Base level of a stream is what

A

Sea Level

41
Q

The Base level of a stream is

A

the level where a stream enters a ocean, lake, or another stream

42
Q

What is Downcutting

A

process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream’s bed or the valley’s floor

43
Q

How are floodplains created

A

As the stream gradient decreases, a meandering stream develops and widens the valley as it erodes from one river bank to the next.

44
Q

What is an Incised meander

A

Meandering channels that flow in steep, narrow valleys

45
Q

How do Stream Terraces form

A

When the base level of a stream drops, it produces a new floodplain at a level below the old one

46
Q

How does a delta form

A

Sediment-laden stream reaches a lake, sea, or ocean and flow slows down, leading to the stream dropping the sediment at the mouth. This causes distributaries to form as the stream seeks a shorter route to the base level

47
Q

What are natural levees and how do they form

A

When streams have a floodplain, successive flooding leads to the water coming out of the channel and immediately dropping sediment in place, leading to a sloping levee.

48
Q

What are yazoo tributaries

A

Tributary stream that cannot enter a stream because levees block the way

49
Q

What are alluvial fans and how do they form

A

high-gradient stream leaves a narrow valley in mountainous terrain and comes out suddenly onto a broad, flat plain or valley
floor causing the stream to drop the sediment at the opening, leading to a fan shaped sediment.

50
Q

Groundwater usually occurs where

A

tiny pore spaces in grains of soil and sediment

51
Q

Geologically, groundwater is important as an ________
agent

A

Erosional

52
Q

Groundwater slowly dissolves what type of rock

A

Soluble Rocks, like limestone

53
Q

A large amount of precipitation soaks into the ground and

A

moves slowly to stream channels

54
Q

Connection of Groundwater to Streams

A

Stores water that sustains streams during dry periods

55
Q

Upper Limit of Zone of Saturation

A

Water Table

56
Q

What is the Zone of Saturation

A

area where all the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

57
Q

What is the Unsaturated Zone

A

area above the water table where the soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated

58
Q

What does porosity of material tell us

A

The quantity of groundwater that can be stored

59
Q

What is porosity of material

A

The percentage of the total volume of sediment or rock that consists of pore spaces

60
Q

Why is porosity often low in igneous and metamorphic rocks

A

Rock grains are tightly pack together

61
Q

What is permeability of a material

A

its ability to transfer fluids

62
Q

tell me about clay’s porosity and permeability

A

Clay has high porosity, leading it to be able to store a lot of water but due to Clay also having low permeability, as it contains fine grains, water stored in clay cannot usually move

63
Q

Fine grained rocks typically have what Porosity and Permeability

A

High Porosity, Low Permeability

64
Q

coarse grained rocks typically have what Porosity and Permeability

A

Low Porosity, High Permeability

65
Q

What are Aquitards

A

Impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement

66
Q

What are aquifers

A

Permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit groundwater freely

67
Q

Where does groundwater move

A

Areas where water tables are high to Areas where water tables are low(High to low pressure)

68
Q

What is the energy that makes Groundwater move

A

Gravity

69
Q

GroundWater usually gravitates toward

A

Stream Channel, Lakes, etc.

70
Q

Most common way of removing groundwater

A

Drilling Wells

71
Q

What is the Drawdown Effect

A

Water table is lowered around the well as water is pumped out

72
Q

To ensure a continuous flow of water, what must wells do

A

Be drilled below the water table

73
Q

What is the Cone of Depression

A

Conical Depression formed by wells taking groundwater.

74
Q

What is an artesian system

A

Situation where groundwater rises in a well above the level initially encountered

75
Q

What are the two conditions needed for an artesian system to exist

A
  1. Water must be confined to an aquifer that is inclined so that one end is exposed at the surface, allowing for it to receive water
  2. Aquifer must be confined by aquitards on the top and bottom
76
Q

What is the pressure surface in an artesian system

A

hypothetical level to which water would rise in wells tapping the confined aquifer, due to the hydraulic pressure within the aquifer.

77
Q

As you move farther away from the recharge location in a pressure system, what happens

A

Pressure increases and Friction increases

78
Q

What is a spring

A

Whenever water table intersects ground surface

79
Q

What is geothermal Gradient

A

How much temperature increases with decreasing elevation

80
Q

How does water in hot springs get heated

A

Water that circulates at deep depths is heated

81
Q

What are geysers

A

intermittent fountains in which columns of hot water and steam are ejected with great force

82
Q

Why does Pumping of Groundwater sometimes lead to surface subsidence

A

As water is withdrawn, water pressure is transferred to the sediment and they are forced to be compacted tighter, leading to ground subsidence.

83
Q

What type of Aquifers can cleanse contaminated groundwater rather quickly

A

Aquifers that are not too permeable

84
Q

How are caverns formed

A

Groundwater dissolves limestone, leading to large limestone caverns to form

85
Q

How is travertine formed

A

As limestone is dissolved into the groundwater, calcium carbonate is dissolved in it. When the calcium carbonate precipitates, travertine is the product.

86
Q

Travertine most often forms what type of structure

A

Dripstone

87
Q

How do Stalactites form

A

after a river downcuts into a valley, in turn lowering the water table, and the cave is in the unsaturated zone, water enriched with calcium carbonate seeps into cracks of the overhead rock, eventually dripping onto the top of the cavern. As groundwater comes in contact with air, the dissolved carbon dioxide associated with the formation of carbonic acid escapes. This causes precipitation of the calcite and forms a ring of travertine around the water drop.

88
Q

At the beginning of stalactite formation, what shape does it take on,

A

Soda Straw shape, Inside is hollow and stalactite has tube-like shape.

89
Q

How do Stalagmites form

A

As water drops down from the stalactite, it drops on the ground and more calcite forms into a larger mass of travertine.

90
Q

What is Karst Topography

A

Landscape Heavily affected by Groundwater dissolution

91
Q

Which regions generally do not exhibit karst topography

A

arid and semiarid locations

92
Q

2 ways sinkholes can form

A

1.Gradual Dissolution of limestone layer, leads to gentle slopes and shallow sinkholes

  1. Sudden collapse of Limestone Cavern Ceiling as it collapses on its own weight. Leads to steep slopes and deep sinkholes
93
Q

Relation of Stream number to Karst Topography

A

There are very little streams in areas of karst topography

94
Q
A

earth science (14 decks)

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