domestic division of labour

Question 1

Pahl (1948)

Answer 1

pre-industrial revolution concept of housework did not exist , household tasks were not clearly distinguished from more general economic task]ks (eg working on the farm and tending to crops)

Question 2

during Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

men became more identified with the public world of production + wage labour, while women confined to the private sphere of consumption and the home

Question 3

domestic division of labour

Answer 3

the roles that men and women perform in relation to housework, childcare and paid work

Question 4

Parsons key concept

Answer 4

INSTRUMENTAL ROLE: ‘bread winner’ , achieve success at work, provide financial support

EXPRESSIVE ROLE: home maker, primary socialisation of children, meeting family’s emotional needs

Question 5

parson argues (about instrumental and expressive roles)

Answer 5

argues the division of labour is based on biological differences , women ‘naturally’ suited to nurturing role , claims division of labour both beneficial to men (get looked after) and women (get money)

Question 6

Bott

Answer 6

segregated conjugal role , joint conjugal role

Question 7

Young + Willmot

Answer 7

march of progress , symmetrical family

Question 8

Oakley

Answer 8

rise of housewife role

Question 9

critics of Parsons argument

Answer 9

• little evidence to support his beliefs
• doesn’t consider their choices and preferences

Question 10

Elizabeth Bott (1957) - functionalist

Answer 10

SEGREGATED CONJUGAL ROLES- the couple have separate roles , male breadwinner , female home maker(as in Parson’s roles) , leisure activities tend to be separate
JOINT CONJUGAL ROLES- couple share tasks eg housework + child care + spend leisure time together

Question 11

Willmott + Young

Answer 11

studied families in London, found symmetrical families more common amongst younger couples, those who are geographically or socially isolated + the more affluent
- sees family life as gradually improving for all its members (MARCH OF PROGRESS VIEW)

Question 12

symmetrical families

Answer 12

roles much more similar (women work , men help w housework , spend leisure time together)

Question 13

reasons for more symmetrical families

Answer 13

• changes in women’s position in society
• more women working
• geographical mobility (living away from communities they grew up in)
• new technology and labour
• higher standard of living

Question 14

willmot and young complaints

Answer 14

research methods criticised , vague questions , unrepresented samples

Question 15

Oakley

Answer 15

feminist view

Question 16

Oakley - feminist view

Answer 16

• rejects ‘march of progress view’
• men + women remain unequal within family
• women do most of the housework
• the fact that men are seen as ‘helping’ women does not prove symmetry
• shows responsibility of housework still the woman’s
  even though men work , housewife role still women’s primary role

Question 17

Oakley research findings

Answer 17

• 15% husbands has a high level of participation in housework
• 25% high level of childcare (but only in more pleasurable aspects)
• men tae on more ‘pleasurable’ household tasks

Question 18

15%

Answer 18

husbands has a high level of participation in housework

Question 19

25%

Answer 19

high level in childcare (but only in more pleasurable aspects)

Question 20

Warde

Answer 20

sex-typing of domestic roles is still strong, women are 30x more likely to do the washing than men and men 48x more likely to wash the car

Question 21

30x and 4x

Answer 21

according to Wade men are 4x more likely to wash the car and women 30x more likely to do the washing

Question 22

Office for national statistics

Answer 22

women spend on average 2.5 hours a day on housework, men spend 1hour

Question 23

Bolton (woman)

Answer 23

only 20% of husbands have a major role in childcare

Question 24

Crompton (1997)

Answer 24

suggests that until we have TRULY EQUAL PAY between the sexes , then the DIVISION of LABOUR in the home will REMAIN UNEQUAL

Question 25

Sullivan (1975, 1987 , 1997)

Answer 25

trend towards equality in the home , men are taking on more TRADITIONALLY FEMALE TASKS

Question 26

Crompton (1997)

Answer 26

agrees with Gersbury, though she thinks the TREND TOWARDS EQUALITY is linked to EARNING POWER (£££) rather than changing norms and values

Question 27

Gersbury (1994)

Answer 27

argues that there has been a gradual increase in equality between the sexes due to a shift in norms+values around paid work ---> seen as the norm for wives and women to work

Question 28

(Gershury) (wives who work do less housework) : longer in paid work=

Answer 28

more help from husband

Question 29

(Gershury) (wives who work do less housework) no work : __% of housework part-time : __% housework fulltime : __% housework

Answer 29

no work : 83% of housework part-time : 82% housework fulltime : 73% housework

Question 30

Gershury (1994)

Answer 30

wives who work do less housework

Question 31

Man Yes-Kan : for every ___ rise in salary there is a ___ of housework

Answer 31

for every £10,000 rise in salary there is a -2hrs of housework

Question 32

Man-Yee Kan (2001)

Answer 32

income , age and education can have a +/- correlation with the amount of housework women do for every £10,000 rise in salary there is a -2hrs of housework

Question 33

median hourly pay for full time employees show women earning ____ than men

Answer 33

7%

Question 34

overall median pay back ___ in favouring men

Answer 34

13.1%

Question 35

dual burden

Answer 35

paid work & unpaid housework

Question 36

Fen & Smith (1996)

Answer 36

survey sample of 1,589 33 y/o fathers and mothers , fathers the main responsible for childcare in less than 4 families (same age= same point in life)

Question 37

Arber & Ginn (1995)

Answer 37

full day childcare essential for many women to stay in employment

Question 38

Ramos (2003)

Answer 38

in households with an unemployed male & female in full time employment do the same amount of housework (19hrs/week)

Question 39

Morris (1990)

Answer 39

even when fathers are unemployed , they avoid the housework

Question 40

(even when fathers are unemployed , they avoid the housework) , what does R W Connel call this?

Answer 40

crisis of masculinity

Question 41

the triple shift

Answer 41

1) paid work 2) emotional work 3) unpaid housework

Question 42

Hochschild (1983)

Answer 42

women have to put up with paid work, followed by domestic work and supporting the family emotionally (the triple shift)

Question 43

Dune (1999)

Answer 43

thinks that inequality in the ➗ of labour arises because of DEEPLY INGRAINED GENDER SCRIPTS

Question 44

dune studied?

Answer 44

37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children

Question 45

what did Dune find?

Answer 45

found that cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children more likely than hetero couples to: - share childcare and housework equally - ascribe equal importance to their careers - view childcare positively

Question 46

**how about it**

Answer 46

how abouyt this