marxist views

Question 1

marxism is known as a ____ theory

Answer 1

conflict

Question 2

sees society as…

Answer 2

consisting of 2 main classes , with one exploiting the other

Question 3

marxists agree with functionalists that…

Answer 3

the education system prepares pupils for the world of work

Question 4

difference in how marxists and functionalists view education

Answer 4

marxists do not see the fact that school prepares pupils for the world of work as a positive things but instead a function that serves to exploit the proletariat

Question 5

capitalism

Answer 5

a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

Question 6

marxists see capitalist societies as dominated by…

Answer 6

the ruling class (bourgeoisie)

Question 7

the bourgeoisie

Answer 7

consists of the wealthy , who ‘own the means of production’ eh land, capital , labour power

They control the superstructure

Question 8

the working class

Answer 8

proletariat

Question 9

who are the proletariat

Answer 9

people who work for the ruling class for a wage , they are often paid less than they deservee and are therefore EXPLOITED by the ruling class

Question 10

superstructure

Answer 10

everything not directly to do with production (eg media , religion , politics , culture)

Question 11

Pierre Bourdieu

Answer 11

cultural capital

Question 12

Pierre Bourdieu views on education

Answer 12

• suggests education serves to LEGITIMISE (justify) CLASS INEQUALITIES
• education values the culture of the m/u classes>w/c
• what counts as educational is that of the dominant burgeoise (eg classical music , ‘serious’ literature rather than pop. culture
• those who come from better of m/u class backgrounds have more access to the culture of the dominant class
  (calls this cultural capital and are more likely to succeed in the education system)

Question 13

Pierre Bourdieu suggests education serves to…

Answer 13

legitimise (justify) class inequalities

Question 14

what culture does education value more (according to Pierre Bordeau)

Answer 14

education values the culture of middle and upper classes more than that of the working class

Question 15

what counts as education knowledge + examples

Answer 15

• what counts as educational knowledge is that of the dominant Bourgeoisie
• eg classical music , ‘serious’ literature rather than pop culture

Question 16

those two come from better off middle and upper class backgrounds have… (and what does Bordieu call this) , and are more likely to…

Answer 16

more access to the culture of the dominant class
- Bourdieu calls this cultural capital
- succeed in the education system

Question 17

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
the education system :( …

Answer 17

devalues working class culture

Question 18

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
the upper and middle class have a…

Answer 18

built-in advantage and much greater chanced of education; success

Question 19

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
education ____ the ___ class ______

Answer 19

education legitimises the higher class positions which they go on to hold as adults

Question 20

dominant ideology for education

Answer 20

that the education system is meritocratic

Question 21

meritocratic

Answer 21

based on individual talent and hard work

Question 22

marxists and meritocracy

Answer 22

Marxists , like Bordieu argue that meritocracy is a myth - it is an ideological cover for exploitation

Question 23

Sugarman

Answer 23

suggests that w/c pupils are culturally deprived and place too much emphasise on living in the moment rather than putting in hard work to succeed

Question 24

critiques of Sugarcane’s views

Answer 24

puts the blame for inequality onto w/c parents rather the bourgeoisie

Question 25

Bowles and Gintis

Answer 25

correspondence theory

Question 26

(Bowles and Gintis) correspondence theory

Answer 26

schools mirror the world of work through the hidden curriculum (schooling of w/c children mirrors capitalist workplace - hierarchy, alienation, extrinsic rewards, competition)

Question 27

(Bowles and Gintis) meritocracy

Answer 27

see it as a myth , people are conned into believing that success or failure is based on merit , whereas in reality their class background determines how well they do in education

Question 28

(Bowles and Gintis) w/c response to meritocracy

Answer 28

people blame themselves for their failure. , legitimising class inequality

Question 29

schools + work in common:

Answer 29

- hierarchy - rewards - alienation -fragmentation - conformity

Question 30

hierarchy : schools vs work

Answer 30

schools - teach the acepptance of hierarchy (teachers give orders + students obey) work - hierarchal structure (workers obey managers)

Question 31

rewards : school vs work

Answer 31

school: pupils motivated by external rewards of exam success rather than interest in the study work: motivated by wages rather than satisfaction of the work itself

Question 32

Alienation : school vs work

Answer 32

school: pupils have no control over the educational curriculum work:workers lack control over production or what goes on at work

Question 33

Fragmentation: school vs work

Answer 33

school: knowledge is fragmented (broken into small pieces) subjects unconnected to each other work: work fragmented into small meaningless tasks

Question 34

Conformity: school vs work

Answer 34

school: Conformists pupils are awarded higher grades than those who challenge authority work: Workers who challenge authority, or are lazy or not punctual, are often dismissed or not promoted

Question 35

Evaluation of marxist views on education

Answer 35

- emphasise class inequality in education and pay little or no attention to inequality based on GENDER or ETHNICITY (these issues are often intersectional) - Neo-marxists believe that w/c pupils passively accept everything they are taught , but in reality they actively shape their own education and sometimes resist the discipline imposed on them by school

Question 36

functionalism is a ____ theory

Answer 36

consensus

Question 37

social solidarity

Answer 37

feeling part of something bigger or a community

Question 38

role allocation - what is it and who came up with the theory

Answer 38

1) means selecting students for their future job roles in society 2) Davis and Moore

Question 39

new right beliefs on education

Answer 39

believes that the government should not interfere with education and that schools should be run like a business

Question 40

Human capital theory

Answer 40

about spending more on expansion of schools to have better skilled worker

Question 41

(marxist) Althusser argues...

Answer 41

- that the ruling class maintain power by using both repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatus. - The education system is part of the ideological state apparatus - These are institutions that spread bourgeois ideology and ensure that the proletariat is in a state of false consciousness

Question 42

Repressive state apparatus

Answer 42

controls the masses by force e.g. police and army

Question 43

Ideological state apparatus

Answer 43

more subtle organisations that spread ideology such as education and media

Question 44

False consciousness

Answer 44

Members of a social class are not aware of their real interests

Question 45

ALTHUSSER: ____ prepares _____ to _____ a life of _______ - how?

Answer 45

Education prepares working-class pupils to accept a life of exploitation. Education passes on the norms and values that benefit the bourgeoisie through the formal curriculum and hidden curriculum.

Question 46

Formal curriculum (Althusser)

Answer 46

Gove argued pupils should learn more British History – where the British are heroic not the history of invading other countries, the slave trade etc. Britain is always right/importance of tradition is a conservative ideology that helps people believe it is wrong to push for social change

Question 47

Hidden curriculum (Althusser)

Answer 47

Education teaches use about hierarchy, respect for authority, obeying the rules. They serve to keep the rich and powerful in their positions and to prevent revolution

Question 48

Willis is a ____ , they agree with _____ but believed that teachers/policty makers __ __ _______ work on behalf of the ______ - some ___ ___ to , teachers ____ set out to ensure ___ kids ____ but it _______

Answer 48

Willis is a neo-Marxist. They agree with Marxism but believe that teachers/ policy makers do not deliberately work on behalf of the bourgeoisie – some seek not to. Teachers don’t set out to ensure w/c kids fail, but it happens

Question 49

Willis’ study suggests that schools are not....

Answer 49

...directly preparing the obedient labour force required by capitalism which Althusser/Bowles and Gintis suggest. However, although the ‘lads’ rejected aspects of ruling class ideology, their rebellion against school meant that they still ended up reproducing class inequality since they moved on to working class jobs

Question 50

Illich

Answer 50

schools are repressive institutions which promote conformity and encourage students into accepting existing inequalities

Question 51

how does Illich believe schools promote conformity and encourage students into accepting existing inequalities

Answer 51

through the hidden curriculum – those who don’t conform are excluded from further education and end up in low paid jobs

Question 52

what does Illich suggest the solution is

Answer 52

to abolish schools altogether (deschooling)

Question 53

Freire

Answer 53

schools are repressive. Learners are conditioned to accept that teachers are dominant and have superior knowledge

Question 54

analysis of ILLICH AND FREIRE

Answer 54

Consequently, the education system produces hegemony – convincing the rest of society to accept the superiority of the ruling class’ ideology.

Question 55

EVALUATION ILLICH AND FREIRE

Answer 55

They tend to be deterministic, they assume people have no real ability to make choices or have control over what happens to them. They don’t explain how and why many working-class children are successful in education.