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sociology > marxist views > Flashcards

marxist views Flashcards

1
Q

marxism is known as a ____ theory

A

conflict

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2
Q

sees society as…

A

consisting of 2 main classes , with one exploiting the other

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3
Q

marxists agree with functionalists that…

A

the education system prepares pupils for the world of work

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4
Q

difference in how marxists and functionalists view education

A

marxists do not see the fact that school prepares pupils for the world of work as a positive things but instead a function that serves to exploit the proletariat

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5
Q

capitalism

A

a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

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6
Q

marxists see capitalist societies as dominated by…

A

the ruling class (bourgeoisie)

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7
Q

the bourgeoisie

A

consists of the wealthy , who ‘own the means of production’ eh land, capital , labour power

They control the superstructure

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8
Q

the working class

A

proletariat

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9
Q

who are the proletariat

A

people who work for the ruling class for a wage , they are often paid less than they deservee and are therefore EXPLOITED by the ruling class

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10
Q

superstructure

A

everything not directly to do with production (eg media , religion , politics , culture)

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11
Q

Pierre Bourdieu

A

cultural capital

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12
Q

Pierre Bourdieu views on education

A
  • suggests education serves to LEGITIMISE (justify) CLASS INEQUALITIES
  • education values the culture of the m/u classes>w/c
  • what counts as educational is that of the dominant burgeoise (eg classical music , ‘serious’ literature rather than pop. culture
  • those who come from better of m/u class backgrounds have more access to the culture of the dominant class
    (calls this cultural capital and are more likely to succeed in the education system)
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13
Q

Pierre Bourdieu suggests education serves to…

A

legitimise (justify) class inequalities

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14
Q

what culture does education value more (according to Pierre Bordeau)

A

education values the culture of middle and upper classes more than that of the working class

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15
Q

what counts as education knowledge + examples

A
  • what counts as educational knowledge is that of the dominant Bourgeoisie
  • eg classical music , ‘serious’ literature rather than pop culture
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16
Q

those two come from better off middle and upper class backgrounds have… (and what does Bordieu call this) , and are more likely to…

A

more access to the culture of the dominant class
- Bourdieu calls this cultural capital
- succeed in the education system

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17
Q

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
the education system :( …

A

devalues working class culture

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18
Q

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
the upper and middle class have a…

A

built-in advantage and much greater chanced of education; success

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19
Q

(Pierre Bourdieu - cultural capital)
education ____ the ___ class ______

A

education legitimises the higher class positions which they go on to hold as adults

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20
Q

dominant ideology for education

A

that the education system is meritocratic

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21
Q

meritocratic

A

based on individual talent and hard work

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22
Q

marxists and meritocracy

A

Marxists , like Bordieu argue that meritocracy is a myth - it is an ideological cover for exploitation

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23
Q

Sugarman

A

suggests that w/c pupils are culturally deprived and place too much emphasise on living in the moment rather than putting in hard work to succeed

24
Q

critiques of Sugarcane’s views

A

puts the blame for inequality onto w/c parents rather the bourgeoisie

25
Q

Bowles and Gintis

A

correspondence theory

26
Q

(Bowles and Gintis) correspondence theory

A

schools mirror the world of work through the hidden curriculum
(schooling of w/c children mirrors capitalist workplace - hierarchy, alienation, extrinsic rewards, competition)

27
Q

(Bowles and Gintis) meritocracy

A

see it as a myth , people are conned into believing that success or failure is based on merit , whereas in reality their class background determines how well they do in education

28
Q

(Bowles and Gintis) w/c response to meritocracy

A

people blame themselves for their failure. , legitimising class inequality

29
Q

schools + work in common:

A
  • hierarchy
  • rewards
  • alienation
    -fragmentation
  • conformity
30
Q

hierarchy : schools vs work

A

schools - teach the acepptance of hierarchy (teachers give orders + students obey)
work - hierarchal structure (workers obey managers)

31
Q

rewards : school vs work

A

school: pupils motivated by external rewards of exam success rather than interest in the study
work: motivated by wages rather than satisfaction of the work itself

32
Q

Alienation : school vs work

A

school: pupils have no control over the educational curriculum
work:workers lack control over production or what goes on at work

33
Q

Fragmentation: school vs work

A

school: knowledge is fragmented (broken into small pieces) subjects unconnected to each other
work: work fragmented into small meaningless tasks

34
Q

Conformity: school vs work

A

school: Conformists pupils are awarded higher grades than those who challenge authority
work: Workers who challenge authority, or are lazy or not punctual, are often dismissed or not promoted

35
Q

Evaluation of marxist views on education

A
  • emphasise class inequality in education and pay little or no attention to inequality based on GENDER or ETHNICITY (these issues are often intersectional)
  • Neo-marxists believe that w/c pupils passively accept everything they are taught , but in reality they actively shape their own education and sometimes resist the discipline imposed on them by school
36
Q

functionalism is a ____ theory

A

consensus

37
Q

social solidarity

A

feeling part of something bigger or a community

38
Q

role allocation - what is it and who came up with the theory

A

1) means selecting students for their future job roles in society
2) Davis and Moore

39
Q

new right beliefs on education

A

believes that the government should not interfere with education and
that schools should be run like a business

40
Q

Human capital theory

A

about spending more on expansion of schools to have better skilled worker

41
Q

(marxist) Althusser argues…

A
  • that the ruling class maintain power by using both repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatus.
  • The education system is part of the ideological state apparatus
  • These are institutions that spread bourgeois ideology and ensure that the proletariat is in a state of false consciousness
42
Q

Repressive state apparatus

A

controls the masses by force e.g. police and army

43
Q

Ideological state apparatus

A

more subtle organisations that spread ideology such as education and media

44
Q

False consciousness

A

Members of a social class are not aware of their real interests

45
Q

ALTHUSSER:
____ prepares _____ to _____ a life of _______ - how?

A

Education prepares working-class pupils to accept a life of exploitation.

Education passes on the norms and values that benefit the bourgeoisie
through the formal curriculum and hidden curriculum.

46
Q

Formal curriculum (Althusser)

A

Gove argued pupils should learn more British History – where the British are heroic not the history of invading other countries, the slave trade etc. Britain is always right/importance of tradition is a conservative ideology that helps people believe it is wrong to push for social change

47
Q

Hidden curriculum (Althusser)

A

Education teaches use about hierarchy, respect for
authority, obeying the rules. They serve to keep the rich and powerful in their
positions and to prevent revolution

48
Q

Willis is a ____ , they agree with _____ but believed that teachers/policty makers __ __ _______ work on behalf of the ______ - some ___ ___ to , teachers ____ set out to ensure ___ kids ____ but it _______

A

Willis is a neo-Marxist. They agree with Marxism but believe that teachers/
policy makers do not deliberately work on behalf of the bourgeoisie – some
seek not to. Teachers don’t set out to ensure w/c kids fail, but it happens

49
Q

Willis’ study suggests that schools are not….

A

…directly preparing the obedient
labour force required by capitalism which Althusser/Bowles and
Gintis suggest.

However, although the ‘lads’ rejected aspects of ruling class ideology, their rebellion against school meant that they still ended up reproducing class inequality since they moved on to working class jobs

50
Q

Illich

A

schools are repressive institutions which promote conformity and
encourage students into accepting existing inequalities

51
Q

how does Illich believe schools promote conformity and
encourage students into accepting existing inequalities

A

through the hidden curriculum – those who don’t conform are excluded from
further education and end up in low paid jobs

52
Q

what does Illich suggest the solution is

A

to abolish schools altogether (deschooling)

53
Q

Freire

A

schools are repressive. Learners are conditioned to accept that
teachers are dominant and have superior knowledge

54
Q

analysis of ILLICH AND FREIRE

A

Consequently, the education system produces hegemony – convincing the rest of society to accept the superiority of the ruling class’ ideology.

55
Q

EVALUATION ILLICH AND FREIRE

A

They tend to be deterministic, they assume people have no real ability to
make choices or have control over what happens to them. They don’t explain how and why many working-class children are successful in education.

sociology (16 decks)

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