demography (births+deaths+migration)

Question 1

demography

Answer 1

• who makes up society
• study of statistics which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

Question 2

demography focuses on…

Answer 2

• age
• ethnicity
• gender
• social class

Question 3

2 ways a population can increase

Answer 3

1) people being born
2) immigration

Question 4

2 ways population can decrease

Answer 4

1) people dying
2) emigration

Question 5

population trends in England

Answer 5

the population has increased over the past 100 years and continues to grow

Question 6

population trends mainly due to?

Answer 6

natural change rather than net migration

Question 7

natural change

Answer 7

number of births - number of deaths

Question 8

net migration

Answer 8

number of immigrants - number of emigrants

Question 9

birth rate:
1990 = ?
2014 = ?

Answer 9

1990 = 29
2014 = 12.2

Question 10

total fertility rate

Answer 10

average number of children woman will have in her fertile years

Question 11

reasons for decreasing birth rate

Answer 11

1) changing position of women
2) fall in infant mortality rate
3) children as an economic liability
4) child-centredness

Question 12

changing positions of women as a reason for falling birth rate

Answer 12

• increased involvement in further education
• more likely to work , and work full time
• changing attitudes to women’s role in family life
• easier and cheaper to divorce , and live independently
• abortion and contraception less stigmatised and accesible

Question 13

reasons for fall in infant mortality rate

Answer 13

1) healthcare advances
2) better maternal health
3) improved sanitation
4) social and economic factors
5) maternal education

Question 14

children as an economic liability

Answer 14

children used to be an economic asset , whereas now instead of earning money , they cost money

Question 15

child-centredness

Answer 15

because of children now becoming economic liabilities , families have become more child-centred

Question 16

effects of a falling birth rate

Answer 16

a changing dependency ratio

Question 17

dependency ratio

Answer 17

measures the $ of dependent people (not of working age / number of economically active people of working age)

for example, a dependency ration of 1.2 means that for every 10 workers there are 12 people not of working age

Question 18

the number of deaths…

Answer 18

have stayed level for the past 100 years (roughly 600,000 py)

Question 19

population trends

Answer 19

• death rate has fallen
• although n of deaths has roughly stayed level
• population has increased considerably
• n of deaths per 1000 has decreased

Question 20

death rate
1990 = ?
2012 = ?

Answer 20

1990 = 19
2012 = 8.9

Question 21

why has death rate decreased

Answer 21

1) nutrition
2) social changes
3) medical improvements
4) public health

Question 22

nutrition

Answer 22

• better nutrition and food security
• greater awareness of importance of a balanced diet
• before smoking more normalised and unaware of consequences + dangers
• before less varied diets
• plant based diets more varied now

Question 23

public health

Answer 23

campaigns and disease intervention
- vaccination programs
- health education
- environmental health

Question 24

medical improvements

Answer 24

• fewer people dying due to acute (sudden) injuries (now = amblunaces)
• cars now safer
• death from traffic crashes - 48% in last 20 years
• better treatment + medicine = less get sick at vulnerable ages

Question 25

social changes

Answer 25

• improved living standards
• global peace and stability (less large scale wars)
• global health organisations (WHO , NGO’S)
• Lifestyle changes (more physical activity , healthier diets , reduced smoking = less death from diseases)

Question 26

higher dependency:

Answer 26

• less funding
• higher aging population (dependent on funding which is decreasing)
• higher taxes
• lower pensions
• fewer taxes

Question 27

Tranter (1996)

Answer 27

over 3/4 of decline in death from around 1850-1970 due to decrease in deaths from infection diseases (smallpox , measles , typhoid, tuberculosis)

Question 28

average age 1971 vs 2018

Answer 28

1971 = 34
2018 = 40

Question 29

migration on a global scale

Answer 29

• physically easier to move countries with accessible transport
• many countries rely on immigration and encourage eit
• international and civil war continue to be a part of our global community |

Question 30

the wind rush generation (1941-78)

Answer 30

after ww2 , the country was in need of ‘rebuilding’ , the government invited people from the Caribbean to migrate to the UK to provide Labour

Question 31

reasons for migration on a global scale?

Answer 31

• the windrush generation
• new countries joining the EU

Question 32

new countries joining the EU

Answer 32

in 2004 , Poland and other E.E countries joined the EU , which resulted in their citizens being able to move to the uk

Question 33

what do Govs do/have done to try manage migration

Answer 33

1) assimilation
2) multiculturalism

Question 34

Assimilation

Answer 34

idea that immigrants should ‘ BECOME LIKE’ national citizens and adapt their norms , values and way of life

Question 35

problems with assimilation

Answer 35

• immigrants feel inherently wrong and unliked
• immigrants want to retain all or parts of their cultural identity

Question 36

multiculturalism

Answer 36

idea that immigrants should retain a SEPARATE CULTURAL IDENTITY by allowing SHALLOW CULTURAL DIVERSITY but not DEEP DIVERSITY

Question 37

shallow diversity

Answer 37

aspects of culture that can co-exist with native culture eg music and food

Question 38

deep diversity

Answer 38

aspects of culture which the native cultures view as offensive