demography (births+deaths+migration) Flashcards
demography
- who makes up society
- study of statistics which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
demography focuses on…
- age
- ethnicity
- gender
- social class
2 ways a population can increase
1) people being born
2) immigration
2 ways population can decrease
1) people dying
2) emigration
population trends in England
the population has increased over the past 100 years and continues to grow
population trends mainly due to?
natural change rather than net migration
natural change
number of births - number of deaths
net migration
number of immigrants - number of emigrants
birth rate:
1990 = ?
2014 = ?
1990 = 29
2014 = 12.2
total fertility rate
average number of children woman will have in her fertile years
reasons for decreasing birth rate
1) changing position of women
2) fall in infant mortality rate
3) children as an economic liability
4) child-centredness
changing positions of women as a reason for falling birth rate
- increased involvement in further education
- more likely to work , and work full time
- changing attitudes to women’s role in family life
- easier and cheaper to divorce , and live independently
- abortion and contraception less stigmatised and accesible
reasons for fall in infant mortality rate
1) healthcare advances
2) better maternal health
3) improved sanitation
4) social and economic factors
5) maternal education
children as an economic liability
children used to be an economic asset , whereas now instead of earning money , they cost money
child-centredness
because of children now becoming economic liabilities , families have become more child-centred
effects of a falling birth rate
a changing dependency ratio
dependency ratio
measures the $ of dependent people (not of working age / number of economically active people of working age)
for example, a dependency ration of 1.2 means that for every 10 workers there are 12 people not of working age
the number of deaths…
have stayed level for the past 100 years (roughly 600,000 py)
population trends
- death rate has fallen
- although n of deaths has roughly stayed level
- population has increased considerably
- n of deaths per 1000 has decreased
death rate
1990 = ?
2012 = ?
1990 = 19
2012 = 8.9
why has death rate decreased
1) nutrition
2) social changes
3) medical improvements
4) public health
nutrition
- better nutrition and food security
- greater awareness of importance of a balanced diet
- before smoking more normalised and unaware of consequences + dangers
- before less varied diets
- plant based diets more varied now
public health
campaigns and disease intervention
- vaccination programs
- health education
- environmental health
medical improvements
- fewer people dying due to acute (sudden) injuries (now = amblunaces)
- cars now safer
- death from traffic crashes - 48% in last 20 years
- better treatment + medicine = less get sick at vulnerable ages
social changes - higher life expectancy
- improved living standards
- global peace and stability (less large scale wars)
- global health organisations (WHO , NGO’S)
- Lifestyle changes (more physical activity , healthier diets , reduced smoking = less death from diseases)
higher dependency:
- less funding
- higher aging population (dependent on funding which is decreasing)
- higher taxes
- lower pensions
- fewer taxes
Tranter (1996)
over 3/4 of decline in death from around 1850-1970 due to decrease in deaths from infection diseases (smallpox , measles , typhoid, tuberculosis)
average age 1971 vs 2018
1971 = 34
2018 = 40
migration on a global scale
- physically easier to move countries with accessible transport
- many countries rely on immigration and encourage eit
- international and civil war continue to be a part of our global community |
the wind rush generation (1941-78)
after ww2 , the country was in need of ‘rebuilding’ , the government invited people from the Caribbean to migrate to the UK to provide Labour
reasons for migration on a global scale?
- the windrush generation
- new countries joining the EU
new countries joining the EU
in 2004 , Poland and other E.E countries joined the EU , which resulted in their citizens being able to move to the uk
what do Govs do/have done to try manage migration
1) assimilation
2) multiculturalism
Assimilation
idea that immigrants should ‘ BECOME LIKE’ national citizens and adapt their norms , values and way of life
problems with assimilation
- immigrants feel inherently wrong and unliked
- immigrants want to retain all or parts of their cultural identity
multiculturalism
idea that immigrants should retain a SEPARATE CULTURAL IDENTITY by allowing SHALLOW CULTURAL DIVERSITY but not DEEP DIVERSITY
shallow diversity
aspects of culture that can co-exist with native culture eg music and food
deep diversity
aspects of culture which the native cultures view as offensive
