researchers

Question 1

Gilbert + Merca

Answer 1

a strong correlation between social class & achievement in all ethnic groups
(in all ethnic groups mc did better than wc)

Question 2

Platt

Answer 2

the highest hourly rates of pay for male full-time employees were for Chinese , then Indian and White ethnic groups

Question 3

1st gen immigrants find language barrier impact their educational achievement

Answer 3

• strong accent + use of dialect terms + non st.English
• cultural factors combine w school factors

Question 4

Lacey

Answer 4

people who are labelled negatively form their own subculture
- people who feel they are pushed to the side at school still want a sense of belonging - formulate that with other people who have been pushed to the side

Question 5

Archer

Answer 5

Symbolic violence
- schools ‘attack’ w/c students by devaluing WHO they are
- so w/c students create ‘NIKE’ identities , through which they gain symbolic capital by consuming branded goods

Question 6

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

Answer 6

labelling and teacher expectations
- supports the self-fulfilling prophecy
- study of an elementary in cali
-selected a random 20% of the student pop and informed teachers that these students could be expected to achieve rapid intellectual development
-found that the randomly selected ‘sputter’ group had on average GAINED MORE IQ than the rest one year on and their report cards showed their teachers believed this group had made greater advances in reading

Question 7

Mirza (teacher typology)

Answer 7

• overt racists
• christians
• the crusaders
• black teachers
• liberal chauvinists
• explains the impact of teacher pupil interactions , particularly on non-white ethnic groups in the ed system

Question 8

Coast (2006)

Answer 8

some couples see cohabitation as a step on the path of marriage , 75% cohabiting couples expect to marry each other

Question 9

Befin (1985)

Answer 9

some couples see it as a permanent alternative to marriage
- cohabitation as a CONSCIOUS ATTEMPT made by some YOUNG PEOPLE to CREATE a more EQUAL REL than TRADITIONAL PATRIARCHAL MARRIAGE

Question 10

Shelton + John (1993)

Answer 10

women who cohabit do less work than their married counterparts

Question 11

Stonewall (2008)

Answer 11

around 5-7% of adults in Britain today have same sex relashionships

Question 12

Gillborn and Youdell - educational triage

Answer 12

marketisation of schools where they are judged based on A-C grades creates a ‘rationing of education’ and reinforces the failure of black students

Question 13

Coard

Answer 13

content of education ignores black people , the people who are acclaimed tend to be white , while black culture & music and are are largely ignored

Question 14

wright

Answer 14

schools might be institutionally racist in spite of non-racist staff , policies within the schools discriminate against certain ethnicities

Question 15

Moodod

Answer 15

if racism leads to the victim being turned off school , why doe asian people have such high entry to higher education?

Question 16

Fuller

Answer 16

black girls in year 11 managed to channel their anger at being negatively labelled into educational success , they were able to overcome barriers put in their path to achieve high grades

Question 17

Allan and crow (2001)

Answer 17

state that love , satisfaction and commitment are now the fundamental components of a successful marriage

Question 18

fletcher (1996)

Answer 18

argues we place too high expectations on our marriages , which is why so many of them fail

Question 19

Mitchel and goody (1997)

Answer 19

since the 1960’s , there has been a declining stigma attached to divorce

Question 20

Cecile Wright

Answer 20

found that teachers perceives ethnic minority children to white children
- asian: seen as a problem that could be ignored , received least attention , often excluded from class discussions
-African Caribbean , expected to behave badly , receive considerable attention - nearly always negative , seen as aggressive+disruptive

Question 21

David Gilbert

Answer 21

african Caribbean children seen as a threat , found that while the vast majority of teachers tried to treat all students fairly , tended to see A.C as a threat even when no threat was intended

Question 22

Wright

Answer 22

teachers had more positive expectations of asian girls seeing them as quiet , well behaved and highly motivated , in contrast black Caribbean boys seen as having low academic potential , often labelled as disruptive trouble makers

Question 23

Gillborn

Answer 23

teachers often have high expectations of Chinese and Indian pupils = self fulfilling prophecy

Question 24

Pryce (family structure)

Answer 24

asian pupils achieve higher because their culture is more resistant to racism

Question 25

Sewell

Answer 25

low achievement of African Caribbean boys is partly due to cultural factors

Question 26

Gillborn and Mirza (ethnicity , external)

Answer 26

There was a strong correlation between social class and achievement in all ethnic groups

Question 27

Smith and Noble (class , external)

Answer 27

schools may be free , but supplementary costs can be considerable eg being unable to afford school uniforms

Question 28

Norman (gender , external)

Answer 28

BEDROOM CULTURE
- gender stereotypes held by parents result in girls being encouraged to engage in quiet activities that lead to bedroom culture

Question 29

Jackson ‘lads and ladettes’ research

Answer 29

argues that the peers pressure each other to conform to an anti-school subculture , norm to do well w/o trying , transmitted by peer pressure

Question 30

Howard Becker

Answer 30

• labelling
• teachers idea of the ‘ideal pupil’ match the labels they give to m/c students

Question 31

Driver and Ballard

Answer 31

Asian children who spoke a diff language at home were as good at English as they classmates by the age of 16

Question 32

Platt

Answer 32

The highest hourly rates of pay for male full time employees in the UK were for Chinese , then Indian and white ethnic groups (similar to patterns of ed.achievement)

Question 33

Gilborn and Mirza

Answer 33

Strong correlation between social class and achievement in all ethnic groups , in all ethnic groups children from mc did better than wc , African car pupils did worse than their peers in other ethnic groups even when class was taken into account

Question 34

Pierre Bordeau

Answer 34

Material deprivation and cultural deprivation not separate , recognises they are interlinked
- embodied (knowledge that resides within us and see as our own) -objectified (material objects we use to indicate social class eg cars , demonstrates how much money we have)
- institutional (the way society measures cultural capital , level of education , doctorate more capital than masters , exchanged for actual economic capital)

Question 35

Edward Jay Wethmore

Answer 35

• discusses pop culture’s positive significance
• idea that it is a ‘common denominator that cuts across most social , economic and educational barriers’

Question 36

Oxford bibliographies

Answer 36

’ pop culture is produced through capitalistic processes driven by profit motive and sold to costumers’
:) = economic growth
:( = alludes idea of the elite taking advantage of the masses

Question 37

John Storey

Answer 37

describes (pop culture) as a tool used by the elite to suppress or take advantage of the masses

Question 38

Ulrich Beck

Answer 38

says globalisation has led to a ‘global risk consciousness’ where threats to our safety are also global , eg terrorism

Question 39

Antony Giddens

Answer 39

says global culture has led to people having a ‘global outlook’ , where they identify with a global audience as opposed to their own nationality

Question 40

theorists such as Ritter , Flew , Klein & Solar have suggested…

Answer 40

globalisation has led to the emergence of global culture , where national and local cultures are undermined , and cultural products , norms and values and way of life in different countries are becoming increasingly similar

Question 41

Sugarman

Answer 41

• w/c subcultures , factors that contribute to underachievement
• immediate gratification
  -fatalism
• low value on education

Question 42

Douglass

Answer 42

parent’s education
- mc more likely to have achieved better in education and have higher qualifications
- parenting style (more likely to emphasise discipline+high expectations)
- parents educational behaviour (more likely to read to their children , help w homework and attend school events)
- more income
-use of income (to benefit childrens ed)

Question 43

Basil Bernstein

Answer 43

elaborate and restricted code
- speech codes are what leads to differences in educational achievement between mc and wc students
- restricted = used by wc , gramatical errors , simple short sentences and description based
- elaborated = used my mc , wider vocab , more complex , longer sentences , analytical

Question 44

smith and noble

Answer 44

• wc less likely to have access to a computer w internet , desk , books and well heated home
• socially disadvantaged students are concentrated in a limited num pf unpopular schools
• older wc students more likely to work part time to support their studies or care for younger siblings (affects attendance)

Question 45

Waldfogel and Washbrook

Answer 45

children from lower income families are more likely to LIVE in a CROWDED or DAMP ACCOMODATION , more likely to have a dark, clean , unsafe room

Question 46

Howard

Answer 46

people from power households have a LOWER INTAKE of VITAMINS + MINERALS , poor health = tiredness at school , lower attendance