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Dna Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purine and pyrimidine bases

A

Purine- adenine guanine

Pyrimidine- thymine and cytosine

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2
Q

Review the picture,

A

What are all the parts

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3
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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4
Q

The information that directs replication transcription and translation are found in what

A

DNA’s bases

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5
Q

What is chargaffs rule

A

Base pairing in DNA was determined from the rule, the percentage of pyrimidine a in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines, showing the base pairings

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6
Q

DNA to DNA is known as

A

Replication

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7
Q

DNA to RNA is known as

A

Transcription

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8
Q

RNA to amino acid sequence is known as

A

Translation

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9
Q

Where do replication and transcription occur

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm attached to ribosome

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11
Q

What is different between leading strand and lagging

A

Leading strand is replicated continuously, lagging strand is replicated discontinuous my forming Okazaki fragments

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12
Q

Review the mutations on review

A

26-28

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13
Q

Positions available in the genetics industry, hundreds of entry level openings for tireless workers. No previous experience needed, must be able to transcribe code in nuclear environment

A

RNA polymerase

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14
Q

Accuracy and speed vital for the job in translation, skills in transporting and positioning amino acid

A

tRNA

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15
Q

Executive position available, must maintain genetic continuity through replication and control cellular activity by regulation of enzyme production

A

DNA

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16
Q

Supervisor of production of proteins-all shifts, must be able to follow exact directions from double stranded template, travel from nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

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17
Q

Review questions 35 and 38, 39, 41, 57

A

The sequence code

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18
Q

What parts are to the nucleotide in DNA

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, + C G T A

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19
Q

Because of base pairing the percentage of —- in DNA is about equal to the percentage of —-

A

Pyrimidines= purines

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20
Q

DNA is copied in what process

A

Semi conservative replication

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21
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA- ribose sugar, single strand, uracil no T

DNA- deoxyribose, double strand, T no U

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22
Q

What types of RNA are used in protein synthesis

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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23
Q

During transcription where is RNA formed and its qualities

A

Inside nucleus
Single stranded
Complementary to one strands of DNA

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24
Q

Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon

A

There are 64 different kinds of codons but only 20 amino acids

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25
What RNA is a blueprint of genetic code
mRNA
26
What happens in translation
Cel uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins
27
During translation the type of amino acid that is added to polypeptide chain depends on what
The codon on mRNA and the anticodon on tRNA
28
Different gene mutations
Insertion, deletion, substitution, point, and frame shift
29
Insertion
Addition of an extra nucleotide, results in frame shift mutation
30
Deletion
Removal or an original nucleotide, results in frame shift mutation
31
Substitution
Change of a nucleotide to another, result in point mutation
32
Point mutation
Mutation affecting one or a few nucleotides
33
Frame shift mutation
Change all codons that follow the mutation
34
What is a promoter
Binding site for RNA polymerase
35
RNA polymerase
Used to transcribe RNA from DNA, regulate RNA synthesis, finds to specific section where mRNA will be synthesized. As DNA strand unwinds the poly. Initiated mRNA synthesis by moving 3-5' along DNA strand. The DNA strand that is read by the poly. Is called template strand. Once mRNA is complete the poly detaches
36
What can result from DNA mutation
Cancer (from mutated body cell) decreased functioning my birth defects ( sex cell mutated) or no problem observed
37
What other functions can RNA perform
Catalyze F chemical reactions processing messenger RNA after transcription Helping DNA replicate
38
DNA helicase
Unwinds and unzips DNA double helix during replication (breaks hydrogen)
39
DNA Ligase
Bunds Okazaki fragments together
40
DNA polymerase
Catalyze the addition of DNA nucleotides to make replicates adding to the 3' end of the new strand ( builds the new strands of DNA from the old strand (builds the hydrogen and phosphodiester)
41
RNA Primase
Adds short pieces of RNA to each strand of DNA to help keep the helix open and to as a starter piece with a 3' end
42
RNA polymerase
Catalyze the addition of RNA nucleotides to transcribe DNA into RNA adding to the 3' end of new strand
43
Chromatin
Loosely coiled DNA (in this state during interphase)
44
Chromatids
Tightly coiled DNA found during mitosis
45
Chromosomes
Pair of identical chromatids that are joined by a centromere
46
How many sets of chromosomes are in the human body cell
2
47
How many total chromosomes are in the human body
46
48
What is body cell and examples
Somatic cell | Ex: kidney, liver, bone, skin, etc.
49
What is the monomer of DNA
Nucleotide
50
What is monomer of RNA
Nucleotide
51
What is monomer of protein
Amino acid
52
Watson crick pp
Used the discoveries of the others to build the first model of DNA
53
Franklin Wilkins
Discovered the position of the nucleotides and how many strands in DNA (2)
54
Chargaff did what
Base pairing rules (a=t, g=c)
55
Define DNA replication
Making identical copies of strands of DNA
56
What is DNA replication purpose
Ensuring that the RNA that each daughter cell gets is identical to that of the parent cell
57
Where do the free floating nucleotides for DNA replication and protein synthesis come from?
Food
58
Define gene
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein
59
Shape different between RNA and DNA
RNA has three different shapes, DNA is double helix
60
mRNA
Carries the genetic code to a ribosome, linear
61
rRna
Read the genetic code, globular, joins with protein to form the ribosome
62
tRNA
Transfers amino acids to the code, has anticodon, t shaped
63
Codon
Three bases found on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
64
Anticodon
Found on tRNA, it is the complement to a codon
65
What is the end result of transcription
A RNA molecule
66
What is the end result of translation
A polypeptide
67
Do all codons code for amino acids
No some code for STOP
68
How many amino acids and codons are there
20 | 64
69
What causes a protein to be released from the ribosome
Stop codon
70
What determines the shape and size of a protein
The sequence and number of amino acids
71
What is a mutation
Change in the sequence of DNA
72
What is mutagen
Something that causes a mutation
73
Mutagen examples
Asbestos, radiation, cigarette smoke
74
Sister chromatids
Identical halves of a chromosome
75
Centromere
Protein that binds the sister chromatid together
76
What type of bond are between phosphate and deoxyribose sugar
Covalent
77
Bond between deoxyribose and nitrous base
Covalent
78
Bond between nitrogenous base and nitrogenous base
Hydrogen
79
Bond between amino acid and amino acid
Peptide
80
What do you base the amino acids off of in DNA sequence
mRNA
81
What may happen to a protein it it is built incorrectly
Wrong function
82
Why is correct DNA replication important to protein synthesis and reproduction
DNA not copied right, mistakes will be passed to daughter, which will make wrong mRNA code, which codes wrong sequence for amino acids, will give protein wrong shape and will not function properly
83
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
84
Where is DNA found in the cell
Nucleus
85
DNA structure
Double helix
86
Replication
Helicase splits open the DNA molecule breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. Spare DNA nucleotides bonds the sugar and phipagt backbones of he new strands starting with the 5' end in the leading strand m. It works continuously on the leading stand, and discontinuous lay on the 3' strand, leaving Okazaki fragments are put together by Ligase
87
What is the backbone of DNA
Sugar phosphates
88
How do you determine the leading and laggin stands
5' of the new strand is leading
89
How would you decide which end of the DNA molecule is the 3' and 5' end
The 3' is the bottom of the house 5' is the top
90
DNA is the what
Code of life
91
Deoxyribose means what
DNA has one less oxygen than ribose
92
Nucleic acids break down into what
Nucleotides
93
RNA is decoded by what
Ribosome in the cytoplasm
94
The three nitrogen base sections of mRNA are called
Codons
95
DNA can be found where during mitosis
Cytoplasm
96
Where is RNA located
Cytoplasm
97
Name the phases in order
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
98
Where does a cell spend majority of its time (phase)
Interphase
99
Interphase
G1: normal growth and normal cell function processes S: synthesis- DNA replication G2: cell prepares for mitosis (duplicates all organelles)
100
What form is DNA in interphase
Chromatin, relaxed
101
When is the nucleus present
Interphase
102
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromatid, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleus disappears, spindle appears, centromere connect chromatids, centrioles move to poles
103
Metaphase
Chromatids move to equated and form a line
104
Anaphase
Centromeres break and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles, spindle shortens and pulls chromatids to cell
105
Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes Spindle disappears, cytokinesis occurs Chromatids relaxes to chromatin Two new cells in interphase are formed
106
What is cytokinesis
Splitting of the cell (cytoplasm)
107
Curing which phase of the cell are DNA and centrolies of animal cells replicated
Synthesis
108
What is the point of mitosis
Growth and repair
109
What cell parts reappear during telophase
Nucleus and nucleolus
110
Why must cells be small in size
To help move materials around
111
When do chromosomes become visible
Telophase
112
When are chromosomes located at equated
Metaphase
113
Nuclear membrane fades from view
Prophase
114
The chromosomes are moving towards the piles of the cell
Anaphase
115
Chromosomes are not visible
Interphase
116
Reverse of prophase
Telophase
117
Chromosomes are replicated
Interphase
118
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleotides

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