Biochemestry Test Flashcards
1
Q
Makes molecules/monomers
A
Atoms
2
Q
Make macro monomers/polymers
A
Molecules / monomers
3
Q
Make organelles and cells
A
Macromolecules/polymers
4
Q
Smallest unit of life
A
Cells
5
Q
Make tissues
A
Cells that work together
6
Q
Make organs
A
Tissues
7
Q
The # of protons in an atom
A
Element
8
Q
Them most common elements in living things
A
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
9
Q
Trace elements
A
Elements we need in small amounts
10
Q
Carbon atoms
A
Can bond 4 other atoms
For short strong bonds
Can make double bonds
Can make long chains and rings
11
Q
Which is stronger cabin chains or rings
A
Chains
12
Q
Monomers
A
Single molecules that makeup all living things
13
Q
Monosaccharide
A
Single sugars
14
Q
Glycerol
A
Alcohol used to connect things
15
Q
Fatty acids
A
Make fats and oils
16
Q
Amino acids
A
Make proteins
17
Q
Nucleotides
A
Found is nucleus
Make DNA and RNA
18
Q
Monosaccharides elements
A
Type of carbohydrate
Made only carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Carbon/water
19
Q
Examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose-made by photosynthesis
Fructose-fruit sugar
20
Q
Disaccharide
A
2 monosaccharides bonded together
21
Q
Example of disaccharide
A
Sucrose- table sugar
22
Q
Polysaccharide
A
Many monosaccharides bonded together
23
Q
Glycerol(alcohol)
A
3 bonded monomers
24
Q
Triglyceride
A
Glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
25
Fatty acid made of
Acid followed by a hydrocarbon chain
| Chain of hydrogen and oxygen
26
Fatty acid-water
Hydrophobic
27
Saturated fatty acids
Straight chains
28
Unsaturated fatty acids
Bent chains
| Rings
29
Amino acids made of
```
1Carbon
1 hydrogen
An amino group nh3
An acid (Carbon oxygen oxygen hydrogen)
An r group (random)
```
30
How many different R groups
20
31
How many amino acids
20
32
Are amino acids important
Some are essential
| You can't just make them you need to incorporate them in your diet
33
Nucleotides made of
One 5carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen containing base
34
5 different nitrogen bases
```
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
```
35
DNA nitrogen bases
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Adenine
36
RNA bases
Uracil
37
DNA bases end in
Ine
38
Two different 5 Carbon sugars are
Ribose in RNA (OH)
| Deoxyribose in DNA (H)
39
Largest monomer
Nucleotides
| Largest monomer actually includes monosaccharide
40
Phosphate made of
Phosphate and oxygen
41
Characteristics of phosphate
Hydrophilic
| Phosphate part likes water
42
Macromolecules this monomer can make
Phospholipid
43
Condensation dehydration rxn
```
Remove water (in form of h from one molecule and OH from another)
In order to stick molecules together
```
44
Polymers/macromolecules
Monomers bordered together to make polymers
| Chemical reactions that bond monomers together is condensation dehydration rxn
45
5 macro monomers
```
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
```
46
Polysaccharides made up of
Made up of MANY single sugars
| Carbohydrates
47
Polysaccharides examples
Starch - how plants store glucose
Glycogen-how animals store glucose
Cellulose- makes plant cell walls and is out fiber in our diet (fiber is indigestible)
All are made of chains of glucose
48
Lipids made up of
Fatty acids and glycerol
49
Lipids-water
Hydrophobic
50
Lipid examples
Fats- solid at room temp. (Saturated fatty acid) stored energy in animals
Oils- liquid at room temp. (Unsaturated fatty acid) stored energy in plants
Waxes- used to water proof
Steroids- hormones help with homeostasis
51
Phospholipids made of
Glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate
52
Phospholipids -water
Phosphate head hydrophilic
Hydrocarbon tail
Hydrophobic
53
Phospholipids example
Cell membrane
54
Proteins made of
Chains of amino acids
55
Protein quality
3D shape
Most muscle is protein
Most enzymes are proteins
56
Enzymes
Catalyze chemical reactions make the reaction in a cell run fast enough to stay alive
57
Nucleic acid made of
Chains of nucleotides
58
Examples
RNA
DNA
Chromosomes
59
If ribose is the sugar
RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
Takes directions from nucleus out to cell
Little copies / messages
60
If deoxyribose is the sugar
DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)
| Code stores all directions for how to run the cell (stays in nucleus)
61
Hydrolysis reaction
Upswing water to break 2 molecules apart put water in firm of H and OH back in
62
Example of monosaccharides
Glucose
| Fructose
63
Monosaccharides can make this macromolecules
Polysaccharides
64
Makes atoms
Sub atomic particles
65
Glycerol made of
Hydrocarbon chain
66
Glycerol characteristics
Alcohol
| Bond 3 triglyceride
67
Glycerol can make this macromolecule
Phosolipids
| Lipids
68
Fatty acids made up of
Hydrocarbon chain
| Hydrogen
69
Fatty acid characteristics
Hydrophobic
Straight saturated
Bent unsaturated
70
Fatty acids make macromolecules
Phosolipids
| Lipids
71
Nucleotides made of
One 5carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen containing base
72
Nucleotides example
DNA
| RNA
73
Nucleotides types of bases
```
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
```
74
Nucleotides make what macromolecules
Nucleic acids
75
Amino acids made of
```
1 Carbon
A hydrogen
Amino group NH3
Acid COOH
R group
```
76
Characteristic of amino acids
20 amino acids
| Needed in diet
77
Amino acids make what macromolecules
Proteins
78
Biotic
Living
79
Abiotic
Not living
80
Organic
Part of or produced by living thing
81
Inorganic
Not and never was part of living thing
82
Homeostasis
Some unchanging internal environment
83
Stimulus
What causes response
84
Trace elements
Element we need in very small amounts
85
Monomer
Single molecule that make up all living things
86
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides bonded together
87
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen and Carbon chain
88
Carbohydrate
Only Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
89
Hydrophilic
Like water
90
Hydrophobic
Fear of water
91
Carboxylate group
C"o
| -oh Acid
92
Amino group
NH3
93
R group
Random
| Determines which of the 20 amino acids it is
94
Catalyst
Something that sparks chemical rxn
| Speed up
95
Enzyme
Proteins that catalyze chemical rxn
96
Substrate
The reactants that an enzyme binds to
97
Active site
The part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
98
Coenzyme
Molecule that helps enzyme
99
Inhibitor
Slow or stop enzymes
100
Essential amino acids
Need in diet
Can't make
Need to live
101
Characteristics of living things
```
Cells
Homeostasis
Obtain and use energy
Growth
Reproduction
Responds
```
102
Characteristics of living
CELLS
DNA
| WATER
103
Characteristics of living
Homeostasis
Same unchanging internal environment
104
Characteristics of living
Obtain and use energy
Eat
Photosynthesis
Breath (gas exchange)
105
Characteristics of living
| Respond
Respond to stimuli in environment
106
Action
Response
107
Redi's experiment
Disproves maggots come from rotten meat
Spontaneous generation
1668
108
Spontaneous generation
Life created from no living materials
109
Pasteur's experiment
Disproved microorganism come from air
Tubes
Spontaneous generation
1850
110
Hooke's experiment
First cell observed
Dead cork cells
Used light microscope
1665
111
Van Leeuwenhoek's
1664
| Observed single called organisms in pond water
112
Cell theory
All organisms are made of cells
Cells come from other cells
A single cell is the smallest unit of life
113
Levels of organization
Sub atomic particles put together to make atoms
Atoms out together to make molecules (monomers)
Monomers out together make organelles and cell parts
Organelles and cell parts out together make cells (smallest unit of life)
114
Most common elements in living things
```
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
```
115
Why Carbon forms backbone of all organic polymers
Can bond 4 other atoms
Short strong bonds
Double bonds
Long chains and rings
116
Which monomers and macro monomers are carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glycerol
Polysaccharides
117
Primary structure of proteins
Chain of amino acids
118
Secondary structure of proteins
Fold of amino acids
Chains of amino acids folded over
Held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds break if the get to hot
119
Tertiary structures of proteins
3D shape formed
120
Denatured
Change of 3D structure
| Do to heat breaking hydrogen bonds
121
Enzymes are specific
Only do one kind of job with certain processions
122
Rate of reaction
Concentration of enzymes
Temperature
PH to high or to low
Ion concentration to high or to low
123
Concentration of enzymes
⬆️concentration ⬆️rate
124
Temperature
⬆️temperature ⬆️rate
Unless
To hot then denaturalization occurs
125
PH
Ph to high or to low rate⬇️
126
Ion concentration
Ion concentration to high or to low rate⬇️
127
Homeostasis examples
```
Solute concentration
Ion concentration (electro lights)
Ph
Temperature
Makes sure enzymes can work fast enough
```
128
Why is the reaction that puts two monosaccharides together called dehydration condensation reaction
They are called this because water is removed
129
Why is the reaction that takes disaccharides apart called hydrolysis reaction
Because a water molecule is broken in the process
130
Glycogen
Animal starch
| Animals store glucose
131
What is glycogen made of
Glucose
132
What is cellulose made of
Straight chain glucose molecules
133
What are fats made out of
Fatty acid and glycerol
134
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen and Carbon
135
Why are triglycerides(fats) not attracted to water
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
136
How is phospholipids different from other lipids
Instead of 3 fatty acid it uses 2 and a phosphate
137
What part of phospholipids is hydrophobic
Hydrocarbon tail
138
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic
Phosphate
139
What are waxes
A long chain alcohol and a long chain fatty acid
