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MS 3 > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A

Acini cells

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2
Q

What are the three enzymes released by the acini cells?

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Lipase
  3. Trypsin
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3
Q

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas?

A

islet of Langerhaans

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4
Q

What do the alpha and beta cells release?

A
  1. alpha - glucagon
  2. beta - insulin
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5
Q

What is another name for Diabetes Mellitus 1?

A

insulin dependent

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6
Q

When does DM1 occur?

A

as early as 6 years old or birth

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7
Q

What percentage of DM patients does DM1 affect?

A

10%

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8
Q

What is the cause of DM1?

A

Heredity

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9
Q

What is the management of DM1?

A

insulin

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10
Q

What are the manifestations of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in DM1?

A
  1. Kussmaul’s breathing
  2. Fruity breath / acetone breath
  3. Monomorphic tachycardia
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11
Q

When does DM2 occcur?

A

Usual onset is adulthood

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12
Q

What is the cause of DM2?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Sedentary lifestyle
  3. Obesity
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13
Q

What is another name for DM2?

A

insulin resistant

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14
Q

What percentage of DM patients does DM2 affect?

A

90%

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15
Q

What is the management for DM2?

A

Oral hypoglycemic agents

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16
Q

What is the complication of DM2?

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Acidosis

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17
Q

What are the hallmark signs of diabetes?

A
  1. Polyphagia
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyuria
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18
Q

What causes polyphagia in diabetic patients?

A

No glucose for cell = cell starvation = signals the hypothalamus to increase appetite

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19
Q

What causes polyuria and polydipsia in diabetic patients?

A

Increased glucose in the blood increases diuresis = frequent urination and dehydration

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20
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

excretion of glucose in urine, occurs when blood sugar level reaches 180 g/dL

21
Q

What are the manifesations of increased glucose in the blood?

A

Reduced blood viscosity and diuresis

22
Q

What occurs if there is reduced blood viscosity?

A
  1. Reduced tissue perfusion
  2. Delayed wound healing
23
Q

What occurs when there is decreased tissue perfusion?

A
  1. Retinopathy
  2. Nephropathy
  3. Neuropathy
24
Q

What occurs when there is delayed wound healing?

A

Parasthesia

25
Q

What causes Gestaional Diabetes Mellitus?

A

human placental lactogen has an anti-insulin effect on the mother so that the glucose in the mother’s body can go to the fetus

26
Q

What can HPL cause?

A

Macrosomia

27
Q

What is the important reminders for Diabetic Foot Care?

A

BASICS TA

Bawal barefoot
Apply lotion
Shoes well-fitted
Inspect foot daily
Cotton socks
Soap, mild

Tapping motion when drying
Avoid hot water

28
Q

What are the diagnostic procedures for Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Capillary Blood Glucose
  2. Hemoglobin A1C
  3. FBS
  4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
29
Q

What important question should you ask the patient for CBG?

A

Ask if they have eaten in the last 30 minutes to 1 hour

30
Q

What is the expected values for CBG?

A

70 - 100 g/dL

31
Q

What is HbA1C?

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

32
Q

What is the benefit of HbA1C?

A

It can test the compliance of the patient to the regimen as it can test the blood sugar for the past 3 months

33
Q

What important reminders should you give the patient for FBS?

A

No meals post midnight or 6-8 hours of fasting

34
Q

What are the expected values in FBS?

A
  1. 70 - 100 g/dL (Normal)
  2. 100 - 125 g/dL (Prediabetic)
  3. 125 and above (Diabetic)
35
Q

What is the best test for diagnosing DM?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

36
Q

How long should you wait after giving the patient a sweet drink?

A

2 hours

37
Q

What is the criteria for diagnosing DM in OGTT?

A

140 g/dL and above (Diabetic)

38
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A

RARE IN LOVE

  1. Rapid
  2. Regular
  3. Intermediate
  4. Long
  5. Very Long
39
Q

What are examples of Rapid Insulin?

A
  1. Humalog
  2. Aspart
  3. Lispro
40
Q

When is the peak of Rapid Insulin?

A

30 - 60 minutes

41
Q

What are examples of Regular Insulin?

A

Suffix R

42
Q

When is the peak of Regular Insulin?

A

2-3 hours

43
Q

What are examples of Intermediate Insulin?

A

Suffix N

44
Q

When is the peak of Intermediate Insulin?

A

6-12 hours

45
Q

What are examples of Long Acting Insulin?

A

Suffix U or ultratente

46
Q

When is the peak of Long Acting Insulin?

A

12-16 hours

47
Q

What is an example of Very Long Acting Insulin?

A

Lantus

48
Q

When is the peak of Very Long Acting Insulin?

A

no peak, works for 24 hours

MS 3 (22 decks)

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