Diabetes Complications

Question 1

What are the macro vascular effects of diabetes

Answer 1

CVD/PVD
MI
Stroke

Question 2

What are the microvasular effects of diabetes

Answer 2

Retinopathy
Periodontal dz
Renal insufficiency/failure (nephropathy)

Question 3

What does diabetic retinopathy do to the retina

Answer 3

Microvascular damage to the retina

Question 4

What two kinds of diabetic retinopathy can you have

Answer 4

Nonproliferative
Proliferative

Question 5

What happens to the retina if it is non proliferative retinopathy

Answer 5

Partial occlusion of small vessels which causes micro aneurysms

Question 6

What happens to the retina and blood vessels in proliferative retinopathy

Answer 6

New bloodvessels that are formed (neovascularization) can break and tear easily

Question 7

If a diabetic has retinopathy what 2 diseases are they at an increased risk for

Answer 7

Glaucoma
Cataracts

Question 8

When do type I diabetics need to see an eye doctor

Answer 8

See them within 5 years of diagnosis

Question 9

When should a type 2 diabetic see an eye doctor when they are diagnosed with diabetes

Answer 9

They should see them immediately after their diagnosis

Question 10

What is the leading cause of esrd

Answer 10

Nephropathy

Question 11

If albumin is present in urine what does that mean for kidney function

Answer 11

Kidneys are not filtering correctly

Question 12

What specialist should the pt see if albumin is present

Answer 12

A nephrologist immediately

Question 13

What labs should we look at for diabetic nephropathy

Answer 13

UA
Bun/ creatinine
GFR

Question 14

What should the UA be free of when we test it(5)

Answer 14

Albumin
Protein
Glucose
Nitrites
Bacteria

Question 15

What’s the normal range for bun

Answer 15

8-20

Question 16

What’s the normal range of creatinine

Answer 16

0.6 -1.2

Question 17

What is the normal glomerular filter rate

Answer 17

Greater than 60

Question 18

What are cues of nephropathy

Answer 18

Edema of face, hands and feet
Symptoms of UTI
Symptoms of renal failure: edema, nausea, fatigue, difficulty concentrating

Question 19

What is diabetic neuropathy

Answer 19

Nerve damage due to metabolic derangements of diabetes

Question 20

What two types of diabetic neuropathy are there

Answer 20

Sensory or autonomic

Question 21

What is sensory neuropathy

Answer 21

Loss of protective sensation

Question 22

What is the treatment for sensory neuropathy

Answer 22

Tight bg control

Question 23

What two anti-seizure drugs can be used to treat sensory neuropathy

Answer 23

Gabepentin or lyrica

Question 24

What is autonomic neuropathy

Answer 24

Things stop working in the body

Question 25

What are some examples of autonomic neuropathy

Answer 25

Gastroparesis
Cardiovascular abnormalities: postural hypotension, resting tachycardia, & painless myocardial infarction
Hypoglycemia unawareness
Sexual function
Neurogenic bladder (urinary retention)

Question 26

What medication would someone with a neurogenic bladder take

Answer 26

Bethanacol

Question 27

What catheter might a pt with a neurogenic bladder have

Answer 27

Super pubic catheter

Question 28

How should a diabetic pt that has neuropathy care for their feet at home

Answer 28

Check daily for injury/ breakdown
Wash daily wl mild soap and water
Do not put lotion between toes
Annual exam by professional
Wear well fitted shoes
Do not go barefoot or wear sandals
Break in new shoes over a period of days
Clean socks daily
No elastic topped socks or hose
Corns and calluses should be removed by professional
Nails cut straight across and edges filed
Warm socks it feet are cold
No pedicures