Diabetes Complications Flashcards
What are the macro vascular effects of diabetes
CVD/PVD
MI
Stroke
What are the microvasular effects of diabetes
Retinopathy
Periodontal dz
Renal insufficiency/failure (nephropathy)
What does diabetic retinopathy do to the retina
Microvascular damage to the retina
What two kinds of diabetic retinopathy can you have
Nonproliferative
Proliferative
What happens to the retina if it is non proliferative retinopathy
Partial occlusion of small vessels which causes micro aneurysms
What happens to the retina and blood vessels in proliferative retinopathy
New bloodvessels that are formed (neovascularization) can break and tear easily
If a diabetic has retinopathy what 2 diseases are they at an increased risk for
Glaucoma
Cataracts
When do type I diabetics need to see an eye doctor
See them within 5 years of diagnosis
When should a type 2 diabetic see an eye doctor when they are diagnosed with diabetes
They should see them immediately after their diagnosis
What is the leading cause of esrd
Nephropathy
If albumin is present in urine what does that mean for kidney function
Kidneys are not filtering correctly
What specialist should the pt see if albumin is present
A nephrologist immediately
What labs should we look at for diabetic nephropathy
UA
Bun/ creatinine
GFR
What should the UA be free of when we test it(5)
Albumin
Protein
Glucose
Nitrites
Bacteria
What’s the normal range for bun
8-20
What’s the normal range of creatinine
0.6 -1.2
What is the normal glomerular filter rate
Greater than 60
What are cues of nephropathy
Edema of face, hands and feet
Symptoms of UTI
Symptoms of renal failure: edema, nausea, fatigue, difficulty concentrating
What is diabetic neuropathy
Nerve damage due to metabolic derangements of diabetes
What two types of diabetic neuropathy are there
Sensory or autonomic
What is sensory neuropathy
Loss of protective sensation
What is the treatment for sensory neuropathy
Tight bg control
What two anti-seizure drugs can be used to treat sensory neuropathy
Gabepentin or lyrica
What is autonomic neuropathy
Things stop working in the body
What are some examples of autonomic neuropathy
Gastroparesis
Cardiovascular abnormalities: postural hypotension, resting tachycardia, & painless myocardial infarction
Hypoglycemia unawareness
Sexual function
Neurogenic bladder (urinary retention)
What medication would someone with a neurogenic bladder take
Bethanacol
What catheter might a pt with a neurogenic bladder have
Super pubic catheter
How should a diabetic pt that has neuropathy care for their feet at home
Check daily for injury/ breakdown
Wash daily wl mild soap and water
Do not put lotion between toes
Annual exam by professional
Wear well fitted shoes
Do not go barefoot or wear sandals
Break in new shoes over a period of days
Clean socks daily
No elastic topped socks or hose
Corns and calluses should be removed by professional
Nails cut straight across and edges filed
Warm socks it feet are cold
No pedicures
