Cancer Intro Flashcards
What are the two good genes associated with cancer
Proto-oncogene
Tumor suppressor gene
What are the two bad genes associated with cancer
Oncogene
Mutated tumor suppressor gene
What does the proto-oncogene do?
Controls growth of cells
What is the oncogene
Mutated proto-oncogene
What does the oncogene do
Uncontrolled cell growth
What does the tumor suppressor gene do
Slow down cellular division
Cause cell death
What does the mutated tumor suppressor gene do
Uncontrolled cell growth
What do well differentiated cells resemble
Resemble normal cells
Are well differentiated cells mature or immature
Mature
Well differentiated cells function more like a ______ cell
Normal
Do well differentiated cells grow at a slower or faster rate
Slower
Are well differentiated cells aggressive or less aggressive
Less aggressive
Are well differentiated cells typically benign or malignant
Typically benign
Poorly differentiated cells do not resemble _______ cells
Normal
Are poorly differentiated cells immature or mature cells
Immature
Poorly differentiated cells lack
Structure and function
Are poorly differentiated cells aggressive or less aggressive
Aggressive
Are poorly differentiated cells typically benign or typically malignant
Typically malignant
Benign cells only grow _____ and cannot spread by ______ or ______
Locally
Invasion
Metastasis
Malignant cells invade neighboring ________, enter ______, and metastasize to ______ sites
Tissues
Blood vessels
Different
What is the mode of a benign cell
Expands, usually encapsulated
What is the rate of growth for a benign Cell
Usually slow
Do benign cells metastasize
No
Is there any destruction associated with benign cells
Usually none unless blood flow is impaired
Is there any morbidity with benign tumors
Minimal-unless location interferes w/ vital functions
What is the mode of malignant cells
Sends out projections that infiltrate and destroy
What is the growth rate of malignant tumors
Variable growth rate
Do malignant tumors metastasize
Yes
Does a benign tumor have localized or generalized effects
localized
Does a malignant tumor have localized or generalized effects
generalized
What are the generalized effects from a malignant cell (3)
anemia
weakness
wt. loss
Do benign tumors cause any destruction in the body
not usually unless there is impaired blood flow
Do malignant tumors cause any destruction in the body
often extensive
Malignant tumors excrete _____ and use up _______ during destruction
toxins
blood supply
What is the morbidity rate for someone with a benign tumor
minimal unless location interferes with vital function
What is the morbidity rate for someone with a malignant tumor
high unless growth & spread can be controlled/stopped
What is the definition of metastasis
malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system & invade other tissues or organs to form secondary tumor
What are the 4 common sites of metastases
brain
lung
liver
bone
Which site is the most painful site to have metastasis
bone
What is primary prevention for a cancer pt
wellness
health promotion & illness prevention
reduction of cancer mortality via reduction in incidence of cancer
How is primary prevention accomplished (5)
avoiding a carcinogen
adequate & proper nutrition
stress reduction
lifestyle changes
dietary changes
What is secondary prevention
screening
diagnoses & treatment
what is the goal of secondary prevention
halt progress of cancer through early screening & diagnoses
what is tertiary prevention
disease treatment & rehabilitation
health restoration
what is the goal of tertiary prevention
prevent further deterioration
Tamoxifen is a chemo preventative for
breast cancer
What does tamoxifen bind
estrogen & progesterone receptors
What are the types of screening for a cancer pt (4)
physical exam
lab tests
imaging procedures
genetic testing
What are the seven warning signs of cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or else where
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
tumor markers determine if the body is what
responding to treatment
what is the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
it is a tumor marker
what does the CEA determine
determines if treatment is sufficent
