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IM3 > Cancer Treatment > Flashcards

Cancer Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

what are the tree major treatments for cancer

A

surgery
radiation therapy
chemotherapy

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2
Q

what is the most frequent treatment of cancer

A

surgery

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3
Q

if a cancer pt gets surgery and also wants to get chemo, how long should they wait to get chemo after surgery

A

they need to wait 2 mnths to allow body to heal

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4
Q

What are the types of diagnostic surgery/tissue biopsy

A

shave
punch
incisional
excisional
fine needle
core needle

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5
Q

what do they do in a shave biopsy

A

shave off spot on top of skin

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6
Q

what do they do in a punch biopsy

A

punch down into skin to get a sample of layers of skin along with outer layer of skin

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what is a fine needle biopsy

A

aspirate fluid from tumor to look @ cells

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9
Q

what is a core needle biopsy

A

brings out a core specimen

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10
Q

what are the names for the three primary surgical treatments

A

debulking
radical excisions
salvage surgery

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11
Q

what is debulking

A

remove as much of tumor as possible

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12
Q

what is radical excision

A

can be disfiguring and alter functioning

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13
Q

what is salvage surgery

A

extensive surgery to site at which previous therapies have failed

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14
Q

what is prophylactic surgery

A

removal of non-vital tissues/organs that may develop cancer

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15
Q

what is pallative surgery

A

pain relief and not intended to cure or treat the cancer

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16
Q

what is reconstructive surgery

A

trying to repair injury or loss of function from curative or radical surgeries

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17
Q

what is the goal of radiation and chemotherapy treatment

A

eliminate cancerous cells

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18
Q

what cells do radiation and chemotherapy treatments affect

A

rapidly proliferating cells

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19
Q

what is the treatment choice for localized cancer

A

radiation therapy

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20
Q

what is the lethal tumor dose

A

amount required to eradicate 95% of tumor and simultaneously salvage normal tissue

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21
Q

the total radiation dose is admined over a period of ___

A

weeks

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22
Q

why is radiation administered over a period of several weeks

A

to allow healthy tissue to recover

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23
Q

what are the three factors that affect radiation dosage

A

radiosensitivity of the tumor
normal tissue tolerance
volume of tissue to be irradiated

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24
Q

what does radiosensitivity of the tumor mean

A

dependent on presence of oxygen

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25
Q

what does normal tissue tolerance mean

A

point at which normal tissues are irreparably damaged

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26
Q

what does volume of tissue to be irradiated

A

total prescribed dose usually divided into several smaller doses

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27
Q

how many treatments are given per week

A

5 days per week

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28
Q

are treatments done daily

A

usually

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29
Q

On avg how many treatments are done per week

A

25-30

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30
Q

what are the benefits of radiation therapy

A

used before surgery to shrink tumors
intra-op radiation
given before, during, or after chemo
palliative (shrink tumors and pain-relief)

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31
Q

where does radiation toxicity occur

A

localized to area of treatment

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32
Q

can radiation toxicity be higher if radiation is used alongside of chemo

A

yes

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33
Q

what are the general effects of radiation

A

fatigue
anemia
N/V
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

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34
Q

There are two types of radiation, what are they

A

external (teletherapy)
internal (brachytherapy)

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35
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

internal radiation at site where cancer is

36
Q

when a radiation therapy pt has sealed implants they should avoid what two groups of people

A

pregnant people and small children

37
Q

when a cancer pt does have sealed implants the body usually does ____ give off radiation

A

not

38
Q

when a radiation therapy pt has unsealed implants their body will give off ____

A

radiation

39
Q

when a radiation therapy pt has unsealed implants their body fluids will be ___ and they will be on ____

A

contaminated
isolation

40
Q

what is the number one side effect of radiation

A

fatigue

41
Q

what should we teach a pt when they have brachytherapy

A

avoid close contact with others until treatment done
no contact w/ pregnant woman
bed rest to prevent dislodging of radiation device
maintain balanced diet, consider small, frequent meals
maintain fluid intake to emsure adequate hydration: 2-3 liters/day

42
Q

what are the side effects of radiation

A

fatigue-#1
skin changes
alopecia
immunosupression
radiation pneumonia
ulceration of oral mucous membranes
GI: N/V, diarrhea

43
Q

what should we teach a pt when they are having radiation therapy

A

was treat area with tepid water & soft wash cloth
no application of heat or cold packs to area
use electric razor only
do not use any products to sites during treatments
do not remove treatment markings on skin
avoid wearing tight-fitting, starched, or stiff clothing over treatment area

44
Q

what is the goal of chemotherapy

A

to kill cancerous cells while preserving other, more healthy cells

45
Q

what is chemo given through

A

a port

46
Q

when we are accessing a port what should we do before running a med through the port

A

check for blood return

47
Q

who can admin chemo meds

A

only chemo certified RN

48
Q

how long are the drugs excreted in the body fluids for

A

up to 48 hrs

49
Q

what labs do we need to monitor closely when giving chemo

A

wbcs
rbcs
h&h
platelets

50
Q

make sure to teach chemo pts, family & visitors that hand washing is ___

A

crucial

51
Q

for 48-72 hrs after chemo we need to teach the pt to flush toilets how many times after use

A

twice

52
Q

how often should we rinse the toilets with bleach after a chemo pt uses them

A

once/day

53
Q

when a caregiver comes in contact with the chemo pt they need to wear gloves especially when handling ____ fluids and contaminated _____

A

body
laundry

54
Q

for 48-72 hrs after chemo the pt should avoid ____ activity

A

sexual

55
Q

when a pt has chemo and they choose to have sex they need to use two forms of what

A

birth control

56
Q

caregivers should always wear ____ when handling chemo drugs

A

ppe

57
Q

what is the #1 side effect of chemotherapy

A

N&V

58
Q

what are the other side effects of chemo

A

alopecia
stomatitis
pain
enteritis
diarrhea
anemia
fatigue
myelosupression
pancytopenia
leukopenia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
granulocytopenia

59
Q

we should premedicate a chemo pt with _____ before their treatment

A

antiemtics

60
Q

we need to monitor chemo pts for ____ because of N/V

A

dehydration

61
Q

what is anorexia-cachexa syndrome

A

loss of skeletal muscle and fat not due to starvation
unexplained wt loss

62
Q

what is immunosupression

A

decreased ability to fight infection

63
Q

the risk for infection increases when ____ & _____ decreases

A

wbc & neutrophils

64
Q

the risk for anemia increases when _____ and _____ decease

A

rbc & h&h

65
Q

the risk for bleeding increases when _____ decrease

A

platelets

66
Q

Nadir means a person has reached the ______ point and their blood cell count is at it’s ______

A

lowest and lowest

67
Q

oncologist use nadir to determine when a chemo pt can get their next ____

A

treatment

68
Q

what is the anc

A

absolute neutrophil count

69
Q

what is neutropenia

A

abnormally low anc

70
Q

what causes neutropenia

A

decreased production of wbc
increased destruction of wbc

71
Q

what lab value do we need to monitor when a pt has neutropenia

A

cbc w/ differential

72
Q

what are neutropenic precautions

A

wash hands frequently
low bacteria diet
no fresh fruits or flowers
no pets
avoid crowds
no visitors with infections
no immunizations

73
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

decreased levels of platelets in the body

74
Q

what are the reference/normal values for platelets

A

150,000-400,000

75
Q

what are the critical values for platelets

A

< 50,000 or > 1 million

76
Q

where are platelets produced

A

in the bone marrow

77
Q

platelets have to be ____ temp for admin

A

room

78
Q

what should we educate the pt on when they have thrombocytopenia

A

monitor stools/urine bleeding
use electric razors only
apply ice to affected area if trauma occurs
avoid dental work or other invasive procedures
avoid aspirin and aspirin-containing products
soft toothbrush and no flossing
no aspirin

79
Q

what do we need to monitor when a pt has thrombocytopenia

A

monitor platelet count
monitor stools and urine for occult blood

80
Q

what should we assess skin for when a pt has thrombocytopenia

A

ecchymosis
petechiae
trauma

81
Q

educate thrombocytopenia pt on

A

bleeding

82
Q

we should avoid what injections and what punctures

A

IM injections and venipunctures

83
Q

what is chemo brain

A

mental fog caused by chemo, radiation, some types of immunotherapy

84
Q

in order to help pts with memory we should encourage pts to do what

A

use a calendar
write down everything
exercise brain with puzzles/crosswords
get physical exercise
ask for support from family, friends, etc

85
Q

what is ascites

A

fluid in peritoneal cavity

86
Q

ascites is usually a ____ sign of cancer and usually a poor ____

A

late
prognosis

87
Q
A

IM3 (47 decks)

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