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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define Movement

A

an action done by an organism causing a change in position or place

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2
Q

Define Reproduction

A

process that makes more of the same kind of organism

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3
Q

define Sensitivity

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment

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4
Q

define Growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

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5
Q

define Respiration

A

a chemical process where nutrients molecules are broken down and release energy for metabolism

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6
Q

define Excretion

A

removal of waste products for metabolism and substances in excess of requirement
note: needs to enter cells

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7
Q

Define Nutrition

A

taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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8
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

organisms that eat other organisms
eg, animals

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9
Q

define generation time

A

time taken for each cell to divide into 2

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9
Q

define autotrophic

A

organisms that self feed
eg, plants

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10
Q

state the 3 cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic organizational (smallest unit of life) unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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11
Q

define cell

A

basic fundamental and structural unit in a living organism

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12
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same functions

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13
Q

define organ

A

made form different tissues working together to perform specific functions

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14
Q

define organ system

A

group of organs with their related functions working together to perform bodily functions

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15
Q

define organism

A

a complex living thing made up of interacting organ systems

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16
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient as a result of their random movement

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17
Q

define concentration gradient

A

difference in region of higher concentration and a region of lower concentration

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18
Q

define osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable cell membrane

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19
Q

define solute

A

substance dissolved in a solvent

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20
Q

define solvent

A

substance that a solute dissolves in

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21
Q

define solution

A

solute + solvent

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22
Q

define concentrated solution

A

high solute concentrated

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23
Q

define diluted solution

A

low solute concentration

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24
Q

define partially permeable cell membrane

A

a cell membrane that allows some substances through but not others

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25
Q

define net movement

A

total movement

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26
Q

define equilibrium

A

no net movement

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27
Q

define isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

A

-isotonic - equal solute concentration = equal water potential
- hypertonic - higher solute concentration - lower water potential
- hypotonic - lower solute concentration - higher water potential

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28
Q

define plasmolysis

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane rips away from the cell wall

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29
Q

define haemolysis

A

cell membrane bursts

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30
Q

define crenation

A

cell membrane shrinks

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31
Q

define passive

A

does not require cells energy from respiration

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32
Q

define active transport

A

movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to the region of higher concentration up a concentration gradient using energy from respiration

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33
Q

define the sun

A

Sun is the principal source of energy input into biological systems

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34
Q

define food chains

A

shows transfer of energy from 1 organism to the next beginning with a producer

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35
Q

define trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain/ web

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36
Q

define food webs

A

a network of interconnected food chains

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37
Q

define producer

A

an organism that make sit own organic nutrients usually using energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis (1 trophic level)

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38
Q

define consumer

A

an organism that gets it energy by feeding on other organisms

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39
Q

define predator

A

an organism at the top of the food chain/web and are not killed by other organisms

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40
Q

define herbivore

A

an animal that gets its energy only from plants

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41
Q

define carnivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating other organisms

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42
Q

define primary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a producer

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43
Q

define secondary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a primary consumer

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44
Q

define tertiary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a secondary consumer

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45
Q

define quaternary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a tertiary consumer

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46
Q

define decomposers

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material

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47
Q

define hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical break down of a compound due to reaction with water

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48
Q

define overharvesting and give an examples

A

humans removing more organisms than can be replaced by reproduction = unsustainable
eg, Atlantic cod

49
Q

define introduction of foreign species to a habitat and give an example

A

non-native species are introduced to the habitat
eg, cane toad

50
Q

define ecosystem

A

a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together.

51
Q

define habitat

A

an area where an organism lives

52
Q

define population

A

all the members of the same species

53
Q

define community

A

all populations of living organisms in a habitat

54
Q

define biodiversity

A

number of different species that live in an area.

55
Q

define bioaccumulation

A

build up of chemical in body (fat)

56
Q

define biomagnification

A

concentration of chemical increases with each tropic level

57
Q

define biodegradable

A

cannot break down

58
Q

define biological control of pests

A

introduction of foreign species

59
Q

define deforestation

A

mass clearing of forests

60
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

chemical reaction in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules and to release energy

61
Q

define anaerobic respiration

A

chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without oxygen

62
Q

define oxygen debt

A

the extra oxygen needed after exercise to break down lactic acid

63
Q

define disaccharides, and eg

A

2 simple sugars, maltose sugar

63
Q

define ventilation

A

-movement of air in and out of lungs by breathing movement

64
Q

define gas exchange

A

-diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of an organism’s body

65
Q

define polysaccharides, and eg

A

multiple sugar molecules bonded together, starch

66
Q

define protein molecules

A

a long chain of amino acids

67
Q

define a balance diet

A

a balanced diet include carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water in the correct proportions to meet energy and specific dietary needs.

68
Q

define micronutrients

A

nutrients need in small amounts

68
Q

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

energy consumed in 1 day by process required to stay alive

69
Q

define macronutrients

A

nutrients needed in large amounts

70
Q

define fibers

A

indigestible carbohydrates

71
Q

define cellulose

A

-is an insoluble fiber in plant cells

72
Q

define peristalsis

A

muscles contraction during digestion

73
Q

define reducing sugars

A

maltose

74
Q

define enzymes

A

protein that is involved in all metabolic reactions where they function as biological catalysts

75
Q

define catalyst

A

a substance which increases rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction

76
Q

define substrate

A

molecule which an enzyme acts on

77
Q

define optimum temp

A

temp where enzyme activity is highest

78
Q

define KE

A

-random movement energy by enzyme and substrate
-heat increases this

79
Q

define successful collisions

A

-when enzyme and substrate bump into each other with sufficient energy for chemical reaction to take place

80
Q

define denatured

A

-when enzyme’s active site changes shape permanently so that itis not complementary to substrate
-caused by high temp and extreme pH

81
Q

define digestion

A

break down of food

82
Q

define mechanical digestion

A

break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

83
Q

define ingestion

A

taking of substances into the body

84
Q

define chemical digestion

A

break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

85
Q

define absorption into bloodstream

A

movement of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood

86
Q

define assimilation

A

uptake and use of nutrients by cells

87
Q

define egestion

A

removal of undigested food from the body as faeces

88
Q

define saliva

A

mixture of water, mucus and amylase

89
Q

Define bolus

A

lump of food

90
Q

define emulsification

A

-physical process that breaks down large fat droplets into small fat droplets to provide large surface area for fat digestion by lipase

91
Q

define inheritance

A

transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
eg. eye colour, hair colour, height

92
Q

define chromosome

A

-made of DNA which contains genetic info in the form of genes
eg.
-46 chromo. (23 pairs) in every nucleus - 23 from sperm, 23 from egg
-arranged in pairs

92
Q

define gene

A

-a length of DNA that codes for a protein
-eg. brown eyed protein

93
Q

define Allele

A

-an alternative version of a gene
-eg. brown eyed allele

94
Q

define haploid nucleus

A

-nucleus containing a single set of chromo.
eg. gametes, pollen & ovaries

95
Q

define diploid nucleus

A

-nucleus containing 2 sets of chromo.
eg. in all body cells (2n = 46 [in pairs])

96
Q

define gametes

A

sex cells ( sperm & egg)

97
Q

define zygote

A

-fertilized egg

98
Q

define mitosis

A

-nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
(diploid -> diploid)

99
Q

define meiosis

A

reduction division in which the chromo. no. is halving from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically diff. cells
(need for sexual reproduction)
(haploid-> diploid -> haploid)

100
Q

define genotype

A

genetic make up of an organism in terms of an allele present
(always in 2 symbols)
eg, BB, Bb, bb

100
Q

define phenotype

A

observable features of an organism
(always in words)
eg, brown eyes, blue eyes, curly hair

101
Q

define homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
eg, BB, bb

102
Q

define heterozygous

A

having 2 alleles of a particular gene
eg, Bb

103
Q

define pure bred

A

2 identical homozygous individuals breed tgt
eg, BB & BB, bb & bb

104
Q

define not pure bred

A

2 heterozygous individuals will not pure breed

105
Q

define dominant allele

A

allele that is expressed if it is in the genotype
(always first letter & capital)

106
Q

define recessive allele

A

allele only expressed when there is no dominant allele in the gene
(always small letter)

107
Q

define variation

A

differences btw individuals of the same species

108
Q

define mutation & example

A

-a genetic change to the NA in a gene or chromo.
-cystic fibrosus, Albinism, hemophilia

109
Q

define artificial selection

A

-choosing particular organisms with desired characteristics to breed tgt & continuing this process over many generations

110
Q

define natural selection

A

process where individuals with advantageous features are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their alleles to the next gen.

111
Q
A
112
Q
A
113
Q
A
114
Q
A
115
Q
A

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