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bio > B13 - coordination & response, hormones, homeostasis > Flashcards

B13 - coordination & response, hormones, homeostasis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

roles of nervous system

A

-coordination
-regulation

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2
Q

define neureons

A

-nerve cells which transmit electrical impulses

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3
Q

note: CNS = central nervous system

A
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4
Q

what does CNS consist of

A

-brain
-spinal cord = control involuntary actions

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5
Q

what does peripheral nervous system consist of

A

nerves outside of CNS (sensory & motor neurons)

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6
Q

which neurons are found where

A

sensory & motor - peripheral nervous system
relay - CNS

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7
Q

function of relay neuron

A

-connect sensory neurons to motor neurones

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8
Q

function of sensory neuron

A

-carry electrical impulse from receptors to CNS

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9
Q

function of motor neuron

A

-carry electrical impulses from CNS to effector

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10
Q

where are cell body in sensory, relay & motor neurons

A

sensory - near the end of neuron
relay - center of neuron
motor - start of neuron

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11
Q

where are dendrites in sensory, relay & motor neurons

A

sensory - end of neuron
relay - both ends
motor - attached to cell body

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12
Q

part of sensory neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon - inside myelin
-node of ranvier - gap btw myelin
-myelin
-receptor
(direction of impulse is to CNS)

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12
Q

define reflex action

A

-rapid automatic response to stimulus
-for protection for emergency
-happens before brain is aware

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13
Q

part of motor neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon - inside myelin
-node of ranvier - gap btw myelin
-myelin
-motor end plates
-muscle (effecotr)

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14
Q

part of relay neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon
(no myelin & node of ranvier)

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15
Q

reflex arc

A

-stimulus
-receptor
-sensory neuron
-relay neuron
-motor neuron
-effector
-response

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16
Q

define receptor

A

-cell that detects stimulus & generates an electrical impulse

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17
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for light

A

receptor cells: photoreceptors
sense organs: eye

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18
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for sound, body movement

A

receptor cells: balance receptors
sense organs: ear

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19
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for chemical (smell)

A

receptor cells: chemoreceptors
sense organs: nose

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20
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for chemical (taste)

A

receptor cells: chemoreceptors
sense organs: tongue

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21
Q

define hormnoes

A

chemical substance produced by a gland (endocrine) & carried by the blood which alters the activity of 1 or more specific target organs

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21
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for temp, pressure, touch, pain

A

receptor cells: thermoreceptors, pressure/ pain/ touch receptors
sense organs: skin

22
Q

parts of an endocrine system

A

-endocrine gland = releases hormones in blood
-target organs = receptor that respond to specific hormone

23
Q

types of endocrine gland & their hormones
note: they’re transported by blood

A

adrenal gland = adrenaline
pancreas = insulin & glucagon
testes = testosterone
ovaries == oestrogen & progesterone

24
Q

note: pancreas is an exocrine & endocrine gland
exocrine - hormones don’t go in blood
endocrine - hormones go in blood

A
25
Q

why is adrenaline the fight or flight hormone

A

-prepares the body for flight/ flight when brain detects a stressful, dangerous or exciting situation

26
Q

effects of adrenaline

A

-increase breathing rate: faster aerobic respiration for more energy release for muscle contraction
-increase heart rate: more O2 & glucose to cells (more CO2 away from cells) = more aerobic respiration for more energy for muscle contractions
-increase pupil diameter: more light in, photoreceptors have clearer coloured vision in bight light

27
Q

examples of situations where adrenaline secretion increases

A

-start of race
-start of test
-skydiving

28
Q

define effector

A

muscle/ gland which responds to stimuli

29
Q

where is adrenal gland found in the body

A

above the pancreas, beside the kidneys

30
Q

difference when identifying images of a sensory & motor neurone

A

sensory - cell body outside like a pimple
motor - cell body inside

31
Q

what do all sense organs contain

A

receptors

32
Q

note: when a reflex happens, it happens without control of the brain

A
33
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal environment within narrow limits

33
Q

examples of homeostasis

A

-temp; kept at 37C - for optimum enzyme activity
-blood glucose concentration; kept at same water potential like cells - prevent osmosis & cell damage
-water concentration; kept at same water potential like cells – prevent osmosis

34
Q

what happens if there is too much or little blood glucose concentration

A

much - cell shrinks
little - cell bursts

35
Q

define negative feedback

A

deviation from a set point sets of a response that cancels out the change

36
Q

how does negative feedback work

A

-there’s a set point
-deviation from norm (stimulus); up or down
-detected by receptors
-effector (muscle/ gland) is stimulated & corrective mechanisms are done
-restoration of set point

37
Q

skin tissue structure

A

-receptors
-hair
-hair erector muscle
-blood capillaries
-sweat gland
-arteriole
-sensory neuron
-muscles
-adipose tissue (fat cells)

38
Q

define themoregulation

A

-control of internal body temp

39
Q

note: liver & pancreas produce lots of heat which is transport around the body by blood

A
40
Q

thermoregulatory mechanisms
down = reduce temp.
up = increase temp.

A

-insulation (maintain temp)
-role of brain (maintain temp)
-shivering (up)
-vasoconstriction (up)
-sweating (down)
-vasodilation (down)

40
Q

why must body temp. be maintained at a constant level

A

keep enzymes at their optimum

41
Q

how does insulation work & its effect

A

-adipose tissue prevents heat loss
-maintains body temp

42
Q

how does vasodilation work & its effect

A

-arterioles relax for more blood flow to capillaries so more heat is lost from skin surface by radiation
-increases heat loss

43
Q

how does role of brain work & its effect

A

-coordinates response based on signals form body & skin temp receptors & activates necessary effectors to keep body temp. just right
-maintains body temp

44
Q

how does shivering work & its effect

A

-skeletal muscles contract & relax involuntarily to generate heat
-increases body temp.

45
Q

how does vasoconstriction work & its effect

A

-arterioles constrict for less blood flow to capillaries so less heat is lost from skin surface by radiation
-reduces heat loss

46
Q

how does sweating work & its effect

A

-sweat gland release sweat onto skin surface to evaporate for a cooling effect
-reduces body temp.

47
Q

define arterioles & their function

A

-branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries (near skin surface)
-contract & relax to control blood flow to capillaries

48
Q

blood sugar concentration negative feedback

A

-deviation from set point detected by pancreas
-deviation up = pancreas release insulin; activate enzymes to allow glucose to be converted to glycogen by liver
-deviation down = pancreas release glucagon; activate enzymes to allow glycogen to be converted to glucose from liver
-negative feedback
-back set point

49
Q

how does blood glucose concentration increase & decrease

A

increase - after a meal
decrease - exercise, skip meals

50
Q

blood glucose concentration will continue increasing until…

A

insulin released

51
Q

3 points about type 1 diabetes

A

-cannot produce insulin
-must inject insulin before every meal
-low sugar diet

52
Q

2 hormones that increase blood glucose concentration

A

-adrenaline
-glucagon

bio (20 decks)

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