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bio > B13 - coordination & response, hormones, homeostasis > Flashcards

B13 - coordination & response, hormones, homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

roles of nervous system

A

-coordination
-regulation

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2
Q

define neureons

A

-nerve cells which transmit electrical impulses

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3
Q

note: CNS = central nervous system

A
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4
Q

what does CNS consist of

A

-brain
-spinal cord = control involuntary actions

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5
Q

what does peripheral nervous system consist of

A

nerves outside of CNS (sensory & motor neurons)

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6
Q

which neurons are found where

A

sensory & motor - peripheral nervous system
relay - CNS

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7
Q

function of relay neuron

A

-connect sensory neurons to motor neurones

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8
Q

function of sensory neuron

A

-carry electrical impulse from receptors to CNS

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9
Q

function of motor neuron

A

-carry electrical impulses from CNS to effector

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10
Q

where are cell body in sensory, relay & motor neurons

A

sensory - near the end of neuron
relay - center of neuron
motor - in dendrites

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11
Q

where are dendrites in sensory, relay & motor neurons

A

sensory - end of neuron
relay - both ends
motor - attached to cell body

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12
Q

part of sensory neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon - inside myelin
-node of ranvier - gap btw myelin
-myelin
-receptor
(direction of impulse is to CNS)

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13
Q

define reflex action

A

-rapid automatic response to stimulus
-for protection for emergency
-happens before brain is aware

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14
Q

part of motor neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon - inside myelin
-node of ranvier - gap btw myelin
-myelin
-motor end plates
-muscle (effecotr)

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15
Q

part of relay neuron

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-nucleus
-axon
(no myelin & node of ranvier)

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16
Q

reflex arc

A

-stimulus
-receptor
-sensory neuron
-relay neuron
-motor neuron
-effector
-response

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17
Q

define reflex action

A

rapid & automatic response to a stimulus

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18
Q

define receptor

A

-cell that detects stimulus & generates an electrical impulse

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19
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for light

A

receptor cells: photoreceptors
sense organs: eye

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20
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for sound, body movement

A

receptor cells: balance receptors
sense organs: ear

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21
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for chemical (smell)

A

receptor cells: chemoreceptors
sense organs: nose

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22
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for chemical (taste)

A

receptor cells: chemoreceptors
sense organs: tongue

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23
Q

define hormnoes

A

chemical substance produced by a gland (endocrine) & carried by the blood which alters the activity of 1 or more specific target organs

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24
Q

receptor cells & sense organs for temp, pressure, touch, pain

A

receptor cells: thermoreceptors, pressure/ pain/ touch receptors
sense organs: skin

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25
parts of an endocrine system
-endocrine gland = releases hormones in blood -target organs = receptor that respond to specific hormone
26
types of endocrine gland & their hormones note: they're transported by blood
adrenal gland = adrenaline pancreas = insulin & glucagon testes = testosterone ovaries = oestrogen & progesterone
27
note: pancreas is an exocrine & endocrine gland exocrine - hormones don't go in blood endocrine - hormones go in blood
28
why is adrenaline the fight or flight hormone
-prepares the body for flight/ flight when brain detects a stressful, dangerous or exciting situation
29
effects of adrenaline
-increase breathing rate: faster aerobic respiration for more energy release for muscle contraction -increase heart rate: more O2 & glucose to cells (more CO2 away from cells) = more aerobic respiration for more energy for muscle contractions -increase pupil diameter: more light in, photoreceptors have clearer coloured vision in bight light
30
examples of situations where adrenaline secretion increases
-start of race -start of test -skydiving
31
define effector
muscle/ gland which responds to stimuli
32
where is adrenal gland found in the body
above the pancreas, beside the kidneys
33
difference when identifying images of a sensory & motor neurone
sensory - cell body outside like a pimple motor - cell body inside dandrites
34
what do all sense organs contain
receptors
35
note: when a reflex happens, it happens without control of the brain
36
define homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal environment within narrow limits
37
examples of homeostasis
-temp; kept at 37C - for optimum enzyme activity -blood glucose concentration; kept at same water potential like cells - prevent osmosis & cell damage -water concentration; kept at same water potential like cells -- prevent osmosis
38
what happens if there is too much or little blood glucose concentration
much - cell shrinks little - cell bursts
39
define negative feedback
deviation from a set point sets of a response that cancels out the change
40
how does negative feedback work
-there's a set point -deviation from norm (stimulus); up or down -detected by receptors -effector (muscle/ gland) is stimulated & corrective mechanisms are done -restoration of set point
41
skin tissue structure
-receptors -hair -hair erector muscle -blood capillaries -sweat gland -arteriole -sensory neuron -muscles -adipose tissue (fat cells)
42
define themoregulation
-control of internal body temp
43
note: liver & pancreas produce lots of heat which is transport around the body by blood
44
thermoregulatory mechanisms down = reduce temp. up = increase temp.
-insulation (maintain temp) -role of brain (maintain temp) -shivering (up) -vasoconstriction (up) -sweating (down) -vasodilation (down)
45
why must body temp. be maintained at a constant level
keep enzymes at their optimum
46
how does insulation work & its effect
-adipose tissue prevents heat loss -maintains body temp
47
how does vasodilation work & its effect
-arterioles relax for more blood flow to capillaries so more heat is lost from skin surface by radiation -increases heat loss
48
how does role of brain work & its effect
-coordinates response based on signals form body & skin temp receptors & activates necessary effectors to keep body temp. just right -maintains body temp
49
how does shivering work & its effect
-skeletal muscles contract & relax involuntarily to generate heat -increases body temp.
50
how does vasoconstriction work & its effect
-arterioles constrict for less blood flow to capillaries so less heat is lost from skin surface by radiation -reduces heat loss
51
how does sweating work & its effect
-sweat gland release sweat onto skin surface to evaporate for a cooling effect -reduces body temp.
52
define arterioles & their function
-branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries (near skin surface) -contract & relax to control blood flow to capillaries
53
blood sugar concentration negative feedback
-deviation from set point detected by pancreas -deviation up = pancreas release insulin; activate enzymes to allow glucose to be converted to glycogen by liver -deviation down = pancreas release glucagon; activate enzymes to allow glycogen to be converted to glucose from liver -negative feedback -back set point
54
how does blood glucose concentration increase & decrease
increase - after a meal decrease - exercise, skip meals
55
blood glucose concentration will continue increasing until...
insulin released
56
3 points about type 1 diabetes
-cannot produce insulin -must inject insulin before every meal -low sugar diet
57
2 hormones that increase blood glucose concentration
-adrenaline -glucagon
58
what is control of blood glucose concentration called
negative feedback
59
similarities & differences btw sensory & motor neuron
same - both carry electrical impulses quickly over long distances diff - sensory carries impulses to CNS, motor carries impulses away from CNS
60
describe the role of arterioles in vasodilation
-arterioles expand -more blood flows to the skin surface -more heat loss by radiation

bio (24 decks)

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