B9 - transportation in animals (circulatory system) Flashcards
note: look for side with thicker/ smaller ventricle = left side of heart
note:
O = oxygenated blood
D = deoxygenated blood
atria = atrium (plural)
what does the circulatory system consist of
-heart
-blood vessels
-blood
what does fish circulation consist of
-single circulation
-gills, body, atrium, ventricle (order of blood flow)
-heart, gills, body, heart (order of blood flow)
-body organs + heart
types of circulation in mammals
-double circulation - blood pass heart twice
-systemic circulation - blood travels from heart to body (O2 to cells, pick up CO2)
-Pulmonary circulation - blood travels from heart to lungs (pick up O2, drop CO2)
advantages of double circulation
-separates O & D blood
–allows higher pressure of blood to the body tissues
differences between single circulation & double circulation
single - 1 blood circuit, blood flows through heart once
double - 2 blood circuits, blood flows through heart twice
direction & type of blood in blood vessels
-artery = away from heart, oxygenated except pulmonary artery
-capillaries = join arteries to veins
-vein = to heart, deoxygenated except pulmonary vein
types of blood vessels
-artery
-vein
-capillaries
name all the blood vessels
O = oxygenated
D = deoxygenated
-vena cava = brings D blood in heart, biggest vein
-pulmonary artery = brings D blood to lungs
-pulmonary vein = brings O blood into heart
-aorta = brings O blood to body, biggest artery
-hepatic artery = brings O blood in liver
-hepatic portal vein = brings D blood out of stomach & intestines into liver
-mesenteric artery = brings O blood in stomach & intestines
-renal artery = brings O blood in kidneys
-renal vein = brings D blood from kidneys & lower body
-hepatic vein = bring D blood from liver & renal vein
heart sides:
right left
parts of the heart
Right side: left side:
-pulmonary artery -aorta
-vena cava -pulmonary vein
-right atrium -left atrium
-tricuspid valves -bicuspid valve
-tendons -tendons = help open & close valves
-left ventricle -right ventricle
-semi- lunar valves
-septum = prevents mixing of D & O blood, separates left & right side of the heart
-bicuspid & tricuspid valves = atrioventricular valves
blood enters from vena cava & pulmonary vein, leaves from pulmonary artery & aorta
why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right
need a high pressure for blood to reach all parts of the body
what type of muscle is the heart & its speciality
cardiac muscle, doesn’t fatigue
function of valves in heart
prevent blood flowing backwards
AV valves = prevent blood flowing backwards from ventricle to atrium
function of septum
-prevents mixing of D & O blood
-separates left & right side of the heart
Cardiac cycle: stages & Atria/ ventricle relaxed or contract
A = atria
V = ventricle
-diastole - A & V relaxed
-Atrial systole - A contract, V relax
-ventricular systole - A relax, V contract
Cardiac cycle: blood flow direction
-diastole - atria to ventricles
-Atrial systole - atrium to ventricles
-ventricular systole - ventricle to arteries
Cardiac cycle: valves open/ close
AV = Tricuspid & bicuspid valves
SL = Semi lunar
-diastole = AV open, SL closed
-Atrial systole - AV open, SL closed
-ventricular systole - AV close, SL open
AV & SL cannot open at the same time
3 ways to monitor heart activity
-pulse rate
-heart sounds
-ECG (electrocardiogram)
how does pulse rate work to monitor heart activity
-put 2 fingers on radial artery on wrist & count beats per min (not thumb)
-Number of beats per min
how does heart sounds work to monitor heart activity
-use stethoscope to hear sounds
-the sounds/ count beats
how does ECG (electrocardiogram) work to monitor heart activity
-attach electrodes to chest to detect electrical heart activity
-trace on electrocardiogram
which vales are closing in Lub Dub
Lub = closing of AV valves
Dub = closing of SL valves
define heart rate
number of heartbeats (ventricular contractions) per min
what happens to heart during exercise
-muscle cells respire more than at rest
-glucose & oxygen has to be delivered more quickly
-waste carbon dioxide has to be removed more quickly
-breathing & heart rate increases
why do cells respire more during exercise
more energy for muscle contractions
why do athletes have slower heart rates
more muscular heart = less number of pumps needed for blood to get to cells
define recovery time & its use
-time to return to resting heart rate
-measures fitness, shorter recovery time = fitter
where is the coronary arteries
on the surface of the heart
factors of coronary heart diseases
1) smoking
-nicotine damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
2) stress
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
3) diet
-too much saturated fat = increased cholesterol levels
-too much salt = increases blood pressure
4) gender
-males are more likely to develop it
5) age
-risk increases with age
6) genetics
-genetic link/ inherited
7) lack of exercise
-weaker heart muscle
-exercise reduces stress
how does coronary heart disease happen
-build up of fatty substances (plaque) in walls of coronary arteries which can cause blood clot
-can cut off blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle = muscle can’t contract = heart attack
how does blockage in coronary artery affect the function of the heart
-less oxygen transported to heart
-less aerobic respiration
-less energy available for muscle contractions
define coronary heart disease
build up of plaque causing blockage in the coronary arteries
function of coronary arteries
transport oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles
properties of arteries
-blood away from heart
-high pressure
-carry to body cells via capillaries
-very thick muscular wall: withstand high blood pressure, able to stretch & recoil to push blood
-thick elastic tissue in walls
-small lumen
-not permeable
-blood in pulses
-oxygenated blood unless pulmonary artery
properties of capillaries
-carry blood from arteries to veins
-low blood pressure
-no muscular wall (1 cell thick) = rapid diffusions
-no elastic tissue in walls
-very small lumen
-permeable
-carry blood from arteries to veins
-no pulses
-oxygenated blood at artery end
properties of veins
-blood towards heart
-very low pressure
-thin muscular wall
-thin elastic tissue in walls
-large lumen
-not permeable
-has valves - prevent back flow of blood
-no pulses
-deoxygenated blood unless pulmonary vein
1 similarity & 2 diff between artery & vein that is visible
same - both have lumen
diff - vein has larger lumen, artery has thicker wall than vein
what is blood
a tissue
cells in blood
liquid - 55%
cells - 45%
-plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
difference btw parts of blood in photomicrograph
-outside liquid = plasma
-many small circle with no nucleus = red blood cells
-big cells with lobed nucleus = phagocytes
-big cells with large nucleus = lymphocytes
adaptations of red blood cells
-transport oxygen
-biconcave shape = more surface area for oxygen = rapid diffusion
-no nucleus = more room for hemoglobin
-hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (binds with oxygen)
-small to travel in capillaries
how does red blood cell transport oxygen
-picks up oxygen form lungs and drops it in tissues
-oxygen binds with hemoglobin & forms oxyhemoglobin
roles of blood clotting
-preventing blood loss
-prevent entry of pathogens (bacteria/ viruses)
define platelets
-cell fragments that trigger blood clotting if there is damage of blood vessels
-no nucleus
-clump around damaged part
-soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin
-mesh net traps red blood cells = clot
define plasma
-liquid part of the blood (contains 85% water)
-transports solutes:
blood cells
salts = ion
nutrients
hormones
waste eg urea, carbon dioxide
proteins
heat
function of white blood cells
-defense against diseases
types of while blood cells
-phagocyte
-lymphocyte
key features of phagocytes
-lobed shaped nucleus
-identify foreign antigens
-larger than lymphocytes & red blood cells
-carry out phagocytosis
describe phagocytosis
identify, surround, engulf, digest
-identifies bacterium with foreign antigen
-phagocyte changes shape to surround bacterium (has pseudopodia)
-phagocyte engulfs bacterium
-digest & destroy bacterium
key features of lymphocytes
-large nucleus which fills it up
-identify foreign antigens
-smaller than phagocytes
-10^9 different kinds of lymphocytes in body = 1 for each pathogen
-make specific antibodies
describe antibody production
identify, clone, produce, release, destroy
-identifies pathogens
-specific lymphocytes clones itself
-makes antibodies specific to the pathogen
-releases antibodies
-antibodies destroy pathogen
-produces memory cells which remain in blood to provide long term protection
why might you get the same sickness twice
mutations can change antigen of the pathogen so we need a new lymphocyte
