B9 - transportation in animals (circulatory system) Flashcards
note: look for side with thicker/ smaller ventricle = left side of heart
note:
O = oxygenated blood
D = deoxygenated blood
atria = atrium (plural)
what does the circulatory system consist of
-heart
-blood vessels
-blood
what does fish circulation consist of
-single circulation
-gills, body, atrium, ventricle (order of blood flow)
-heart, gills, body, heart (order of blood flow)
-body organs + heart
types of circulation in mammals
-double circulation - blood pass heart twice
-systemic circulation - blood travels from heart to body (O2 to cells, pick up CO2)
-Pulmonary circulation - blood travels from heart to lungs (pick up O2, drop CO2)
differences between single circulation & double circulation
single - 1 blood circuit, blood flows through heart once
double - 2 blood circuits, blood flows through heart twice
advantages of double circulation
-separates O & D blood
-allows higher pressure of blood to the body tissues
heart sides:
right left
what type of muscle is the heart & its specialty
cardiac muscle, doesn’t fatigue
why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right
need a high pressure for blood to reach all parts of the body
parts of the heart
Right side: left side:
-pulmonary artery -aorta
-vena cava -pulmonary vein
-right atrium -left atrium
-tricuspid valves -bicuspid valve
-tendons -tendons = help open & close valves
-left ventricle -right ventricle
-semi- lunar valves
-septum = prevents mixing of D & O blood, separates left & right side of the heart
-bicuspid & tricuspid valves = atrioventricular valves
blood enters from vena cava & pulmonary vein, leaves from pulmonary artery & aorta
function of valves in heart
prevent blood flowing backwards
AV valves = prevent blood flowing backwards from ventricle to atrium
function of septum
-prevents mixing of D & O blood
-separates left & right side of the heart
Cardiac cycle: stages & Atria/ ventricle relaxed or contract
A = atria
V = ventricle
-diastole - A & V relaxed
-Atrial systole - A contract, V relax
-ventricular systole - A relax, V contract
Cardiac cycle: blood flow direction
-diastole - atria to ventricles
-Atrial systole - atrium to ventricles
-ventricular systole - ventricle to arteries
Cardiac cycle: valves open/ close
AV = Tricuspid & bicuspid valves
SL = Semi lunar
-diastole = AV open, SL closed
-Atrial systole - AV open, SL closed
-ventricular systole - AV close, SL open
AV & SL cannot open at the same time
which vales are closing in Lub Dub
Lub = closing of AV valves
Dub = closing of SL valves
define heart rate
number of heartbeats (ventricular contractions) per min
3 ways to monitor heart activity
-pulse rate
-heart sounds
-ECG (electrocardiogram)
how does pulse rate work to monitor heart activity
-put 2 fingers on radial artery on wrist & count beats per min (not thumb)
-Number of beats per min
how does heart sounds work to monitor heart activity
-use stethoscope to hear sounds
-the sounds/ count beats
how does ECG (electrocardiogram) work to monitor heart activity
-attach electrodes to chest to detect electrical heart activity
-trace on electrocardiogram
what happens to heart during exercise
-muscle cells respire more than at rest
-glucose & oxygen has to be delivered more quickly
-waste carbon dioxide has to be removed more quickly
-breathing & heart rate increases
why do cells respire more during exercise
more energy for muscle contractions
why do athletes have slower heart rates
more muscular heart = less number of pumps needed for blood to get to cells
define recovery time & its use
-time to return to resting heart rate
-measures fitness, shorter recovery time = fitter
function of coronary arteries
-transport oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles
-on surface of heart
define coronary heart disease
build up of plaque causing blockage in the coronary arteries
how does coronary heart disease happen
-build up of fatty substances (plaque) in walls of coronary arteries which can cause blood clot
-can cut off blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle = muscle can’t contract = heart attack
how does blockage in coronary artery affect the function of the heart
-less oxygen transported to heart
-less aerobic respiration
-less energy available for muscle contractions
factors of coronary heart diseases
1) smoking
-nicotine damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
2) stress
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
3) diet
-too much saturated fat = increased cholesterol levels
-too much salt = increases blood pressure
4) gender
-males are more likely to develop it
5) age
-risk increases with age
6) genetics
-genetic link/ inherited
7) lack of exercise
-weaker heart muscle
-exercise reduces stress
direction & type of blood in blood vessels
-artery = away from heart, oxygenated except pulmonary artery
-capillaries = join arteries to veins
-vein = to heart, deoxygenated except pulmonary vein
name all the blood vessels
O = oxygenated
D = deoxygenated
-vena cava = brings D blood in heart, biggest vein
-pulmonary artery = brings D blood to lungs
-pulmonary vein = brings O blood into heart
-aorta = brings O blood to body, biggest artery
-hepatic artery = brings O blood in liver
-hepatic portal vein = brings D blood out of stomach & intestines into liver
-mesenteric artery = brings O blood in stomach & intestines
-renal artery = brings O blood in kidneys
-renal vein = brings D blood from kidneys & lower body
-hepatic vein = bring D blood from liver & renal vein
properties of arteries
-blood away from heart
-high pressure
-carry to body cells via capillaries
-very thick muscular wall: withstand high blood pressure, able to stretch & recoil to push blood
-thick elastic tissue in walls
-small lumen
-not permeable
-blood in pulses
-oxygenated blood unless pulmonary artery
properties of capillaries
-carry blood from arteries to veins
-low blood pressure
-no muscular wall (1 cell thick) = rapid diffusions
-no elastic tissue in walls
-very small lumen
-permeable
-carry blood from arteries to veins
-no pulses
-oxygenated blood at artery end
properties of veins
-blood towards heart
-very low pressure
-thin muscular wall
-thin elastic tissue in walls
-large lumen
-not permeable
-has valves - prevent back flow of blood
-no pulses
-deoxygenated blood unless pulmonary vein
1 similarity & 2 diff between artery & vein that is visible
same - both have lumen
diff - vein has larger lumen, artery has thicker wall than vein
what is blood
a tissue
cells in blood
liquid - 55%
cells - 45%
-plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
difference btw parts of blood in photomicrograph
-outside liquid = plasma
-many small circle with no nucleus = red blood cells
-big cells with lobed nucleus = phagocytes
-big cells with large nucleus = lymphocytes
how does red blood cell transport oxygen
-picks up oxygen form lungs and drops it in tissues
-oxygen binds with hemoglobin & forms oxyhemoglobin
adaptations of red blood cells
-transport oxygen
-biconcave shape = more surface area for oxygen = rapid diffusion
-no nucleus = more room for hemoglobin
-hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (binds with oxygen)
-small to travel in capillaries
define platelets
-cell fragments that trigger blood clotting if there is damage of blood vessels
-no nucleus
-clump around damaged part
-soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin
-mesh net traps red blood cells = clot
roles of blood clotting
-preventing blood loss
-prevent entry of pathogens (bacteria/ viruses)
define plasma
-liquid part of the blood (contains 85% water)
-transports solutes:
blood cells
salts = ion
nutrients
hormones
waste eg urea, carbon dioxide
proteins
heat
function of white blood cells
-defense against diseases
types of while blood cells
-phagocyte
-lymphocyte
key features of phagocytes
-lobed shaped nucleus
-identify foreign antigens
-larger than lymphocytes & red blood cells
-carry out phagocytosis
describe phagocytosis
identify, surround, engulf, digest
-identifies bacterium with foreign antigen
-phagocyte changes shape to surround bacterium (has pseudopodia)
-phagocyte engulfs bacterium
-digest & destroy bacterium
key features of lymphocytes
-large nucleus which fills it up
-identify foreign antigens
-smaller than phagocytes
-10^9 different kinds of lymphocytes in body = 1 for each pathogen
-make specific antibodies
describe antibody production
identify, clone, produce, release, destroy
-identifies pathogens
-specific lymphocytes clones itself
-makes antibodies specific to the pathogen
-releases antibodies
-antibodies destroy pathogen
-produces memory cells which remain in blood to provide long term protection
why might you get the same sickness twice
mutations can change antigen of the pathogen so we need a new lymphocyte
