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B9 - transportation in animals (circulatory system) Flashcards

1
Q

note: look for side with thicker/ smaller ventricle = left side of heart

A
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2
Q

note:
O = oxygenated blood
D = deoxygenated blood
atria = atrium (plural)

A
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3
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of

A

-heart
-blood vessels
-blood

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4
Q

what does fish circulation consist of

A

-single circulation
-gills, body, atrium, ventricle (order of blood flow)
-heart, gills, body, heart (order of blood flow)
-body organs + heart

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5
Q

types of circulation in mammals

A

-double circulation - blood pass heart twice
-systemic circulation - blood travels from heart to body (O2 to cells, pick up CO2)
-Pulmonary circulation - blood travels from heart to lungs (pick up O2, drop CO2)

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6
Q

differences between single circulation & double circulation

A

single - 1 blood circuit, blood flows through heart once
double - 2 blood circuits, blood flows through heart twice

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7
Q

advantages of double circulation

A

-separates O & D blood
-allows higher pressure of blood to the body tissues

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8
Q

heart sides:
right left

A
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9
Q

what type of muscle is the heart & its specialty

A

cardiac muscle, doesn’t fatigue

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10
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right

A

need a high pressure for blood to reach all parts of the body

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11
Q

parts of the heart

A

Right side: left side:
-pulmonary artery -aorta
-vena cava -pulmonary vein
-right atrium -left atrium
-tricuspid valves -bicuspid valve
-tendons -tendons = help open & close valves
-left ventricle -right ventricle
-semi- lunar valves
-septum = prevents mixing of D & O blood, separates left & right side of the heart
-bicuspid & tricuspid valves = atrioventricular valves
blood enters from vena cava & pulmonary vein, leaves from pulmonary artery & aorta

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12
Q

function of valves in heart

A

prevent blood flowing backwards
AV valves = prevent blood flowing backwards from ventricle to atrium

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13
Q

function of septum

A

-prevents mixing of D & O blood
-separates left & right side of the heart

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14
Q

Cardiac cycle: stages & Atria/ ventricle relaxed or contract
A = atria
V = ventricle

A

-diastole - A & V relaxed
-Atrial systole - A contract, V relax
-ventricular systole - A relax, V contract

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15
Q

Cardiac cycle: blood flow direction

A

-diastole - atria to ventricles
-Atrial systole - atrium to ventricles
-ventricular systole - ventricle to arteries

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16
Q

Cardiac cycle: valves open/ close
AV = Tricuspid & bicuspid valves
SL = Semi lunar

A

-diastole = AV open, SL closed
-Atrial systole - AV open, SL closed
-ventricular systole - AV close, SL open
AV & SL cannot open at the same time

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17
Q

which vales are closing in Lub Dub

A

Lub = closing of AV valves
Dub = closing of SL valves

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18
Q

define heart rate

A

number of heartbeats (ventricular contractions) per min

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19
Q

3 ways to monitor heart activity

A

-pulse rate
-heart sounds
-ECG (electrocardiogram)

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20
Q

how does pulse rate work to monitor heart activity

A

-put 2 fingers on radial artery on wrist & count beats per min (not thumb)
-Number of beats per min

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21
Q

how does heart sounds work to monitor heart activity

A

-use stethoscope to hear sounds
-the sounds/ count beats

22
Q

how does ECG (electrocardiogram) work to monitor heart activity

A

-attach electrodes to chest to detect electrical heart activity
-trace on electrocardiogram

23
Q

what happens to heart during exercise

A

-muscle cells respire more than at rest
-glucose & oxygen has to be delivered more quickly
-waste carbon dioxide has to be removed more quickly
-breathing & heart rate increases

24
Q

why do cells respire more during exercise

A

more energy for muscle contractions

25
why do athletes have slower heart rates
more muscular heart = less number of pumps needed for blood to get to cells
26
define recovery time & its use
-time to return to resting heart rate -measures fitness, shorter recovery time = fitter
27
function of coronary arteries
-transport oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles -on surface of heart
28
define coronary heart disease
build up of plaque causing blockage in the coronary arteries
29
how does coronary heart disease happen
-build up of fatty substances (plaque) in walls of coronary arteries which can cause blood clot -can cut off blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle = muscle can't contract = heart attack
30
how does blockage in coronary artery affect the function of the heart
-less oxygen transported to heart -less aerobic respiration -less energy available for muscle contractions
31
factors of coronary heart diseases
1) smoking -nicotine damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth -increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth -increases build up of fat 2) stress -increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth -increases build up of fat 3) diet -too much saturated fat = increased cholesterol levels -too much salt = increases blood pressure 4) gender -males are more likely to develop it 5) age -risk increases with age 6) genetics -genetic link/ inherited 7) lack of exercise -weaker heart muscle -exercise reduces stress
32
direction & type of blood in blood vessels
-artery = away from heart, oxygenated except pulmonary artery -capillaries = join arteries to veins -vein = to heart, deoxygenated except pulmonary vein
33
name all the blood vessels O = oxygenated D = deoxygenated
-vena cava = brings D blood in heart, biggest vein -pulmonary artery = brings D blood to lungs -pulmonary vein = brings O blood into heart -aorta = brings O blood to body, biggest artery -hepatic artery = brings O blood in liver -hepatic portal vein = brings D blood out of stomach & intestines into liver -mesenteric artery = brings O blood in stomach & intestines -renal artery = brings O blood in kidneys -renal vein = brings D blood from kidneys & lower body -hepatic vein = bring D blood from liver & renal vein
34
properties of arteries
-blood away from heart -high pressure -carry to body cells via capillaries -very thick muscular wall: withstand high blood pressure, able to stretch & recoil to push blood -thick elastic tissue in walls -small lumen -not permeable -blood in pulses -oxygenated blood unless pulmonary artery
35
properties of capillaries
-carry blood from arteries to veins -low blood pressure -no muscular wall (1 cell thick) = rapid diffusions -no elastic tissue in walls -very small lumen -permeable -carry blood from arteries to veins -no pulses -oxygenated blood at artery end
36
properties of veins
-blood towards heart -very low pressure -thin muscular wall -thin elastic tissue in walls -large lumen -not permeable -has valves - prevent back flow of blood -no pulses -deoxygenated blood unless pulmonary vein
37
1 similarity & 2 diff between artery & vein that is visible
same - both have lumen diff - vein has larger lumen, artery has thicker wall than vein
38
what is blood
a tissue
39
cells in blood liquid - 55% cells - 45%
-plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets
40
difference btw parts of blood in photomicrograph
-outside liquid = plasma -many small circle with no nucleus = red blood cells -big cells with lobed nucleus = phagocytes -big cells with large nucleus = lymphocytes
41
how does red blood cell transport oxygen
-picks up oxygen form lungs and drops it in tissues -oxygen binds with hemoglobin & forms oxyhemoglobin
42
adaptations of red blood cells
-transport oxygen -biconcave shape = more surface area for oxygen = rapid diffusion -no nucleus = more room for hemoglobin -hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (binds with oxygen) -small to travel in capillaries
43
define platelets
-cell fragments that trigger blood clotting if there is damage of blood vessels -no nucleus -clump around damaged part -soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin -mesh net traps red blood cells = clot
44
roles of blood clotting
-preventing blood loss -prevent entry of pathogens (bacteria/ viruses)
45
define plasma
-liquid part of the blood (contains 85% water) -transports solutes: blood cells salts = ion nutrients hormones waste eg urea, carbon dioxide proteins heat
46
function of white blood cells
-defense against diseases
47
types of while blood cells
-phagocyte -lymphocyte
48
key features of phagocytes
-lobed shaped nucleus -identify foreign antigens -larger than lymphocytes & red blood cells -carry out phagocytosis
49
describe phagocytosis identify, surround, engulf, digest
-identifies bacterium with foreign antigen -phagocyte changes shape to surround bacterium (has pseudopodia) -phagocyte engulfs bacterium -digest & destroy bacterium
50
key features of lymphocytes
-large nucleus which fills it up -identify foreign antigens -smaller than phagocytes -10^9 different kinds of lymphocytes in body = 1 for each pathogen -make specific antibodies
51
describe antibody production identify, clone, produce, release, destroy
-identifies pathogens -specific lymphocytes clones itself -makes antibodies specific to the pathogen -releases antibodies -antibodies destroy pathogen -produces memory cells which remain in blood to provide long term protection
52
why might you get the same sickness twice
mutations can change antigen of the pathogen so we need a new lymphocyte

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