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bio > B10 & B14 - diseases & immunity, drugs > Flashcards

B10 & B14 - diseases & immunity, drugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define disease

A

harmful deviation from the normal structure or function of the organism

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2
Q

define pathogen & eg

A

a disease causing organism or virus
eg, bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

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3
Q

features of a virus

A

-drawing: circle with a circle in with a coil, spikes around outer cirlce
-coil = genetic material
-space btw circles = protein coat/ capsid
-spikes = spike protein

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4
Q

facts about viruses

A

-200 - 400 nanometers (1/10 bacteria size, 1/100 human animal cell size)
-contains genetic info (DNA/ RNA)
-has protein coat/ spike protein
-no nucleus, cytoplasm, no cell = non- living

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5
Q

define a transmissible disease

A

-disease caused by a pathogen & can be passed from 1 host to another

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6
Q

example of transmissible diseases

A

eg. covid, rabis, AIDS, HFMD, salmonella

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7
Q

define a non- transmissible disease

A

-disease not caused by a pathogen

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8
Q

example of non- transmissible diseases

A

eg. coronary heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson, most cancer, (anything genetic)

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9
Q

Methods of Transmitting diseases

A

-direct contact
-indirect contact

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10
Q

transmitting diseases by direct contact & example

A

-blood (blood transfusion/ sexual contact) eg. HIV
-mucus/ saliva (droplet infection) eg. covid

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11
Q

transmitting diseases by indirect contact & example

A

-contaminated surfaces eg. covid
-contaminated food eg. salmonella
-contaminated water eg. cholera
-animals spread diseases eg. malaria

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12
Q

how to control spread of diseases

A

-a clean water supply
-hygienic food preparation
-good personal hygiene
-waster disposal
-sewage treatment

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13
Q

how does a clean water supply control the spread of diseases

A

process: good water treatment
prevention: removes pathogens, prevent spread of pathogen, prevent drinking contaminated water

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14
Q

how does hygienic food preparation control the spread of diseases

A

process: wash your hands, cover food
prevention: removes pathogen, prevent flies on landing on food

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15
Q

how does good personal hygiene control the spread of diseases

A

process: wash hands with soap, use disposable tissue
prevention: removes pathogens, prevent spread of pathogen

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16
Q

how does waster disposal control the spread of diseases

A

process: cover rubbish bins
prevention: prevents flies/ rats from spreading disease

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17
Q

how does sewage treatment control the spread of diseases

A

process: plumbing, treat raw sewage, put chlorine
prevention: keeps sewage away form people, removes/ kills pathogens

18
Q

ways the body prevent pathogen entry & how they work

A

-skin - impermeable to pathogens
-hairs in nose - hairs trap air particles that could contain pathogens
-mucus - mucus traps pathogens
-stomach acid - HCl kills pathogens

19
Q

type of barriers in body to prevent pathogen entry

A

-skin - mechanical
-hairs in nose - mechanical;
-mucus - mechanical/ chemical
-stomach aicd - chemical

20
Q

what does white blood cells do if pathogen enters body

A

-phagocytes - phagocytosis
-lymphocytes - produce antibodies

21
Q

define antigen

A

-a protein on the cell membrane which identifies a cell
-pathogens have foreign antigens

22
Q

where are antigens found

A

on surface of cell membrane

23
Q

define antibodies

A

Y shaped proteins that destroy specific pathogens/ antigens

23
Q

what do antigens trigger

A

activates antibody produciton

23
Q

define active immunity

A

foreign antigen stimulates the production of specific antibodies & memory cells are made which remain in the blood

24
Q

what is an antibody specifity

A

antibody has a complementary shape that only fits 1 antigen

25
Q

how to get active immunity

A

-be exposed to antigen to make your own antibodies & memory cells

26
Q

define passive immunity

A

-receiving antibodies, rather than making them ourselves
-no memory cells are made

27
Q

how is passive immunity done

A

-breastfeeding/ placenta
-some vaccinations

28
Q

how does vaccination help achieve active immunity

A

-inject dead/ weakened pathogens or just antigen - does not cause the disease
-lymphocytes recognize foreign antigen
-lymphocytes product antibodies against pathogen
-lymphocytes produce memory cells which stay in the blood
-second time of exposure, you make antibodies faster & more = don’t get sick

29
Q

why do you get the same sickness twice

A

-the pathogen mutates so its antigen changes too
-the antibodies don’t work on the diff. antigen

30
Q

how does vaccination control the spread of diseases

A

-provided protection to the population
-if everyone is vaccinated, pathogen cannot be spread
-vaccinated people cannot spread/ pass on pathogen
-vaccination can achieve active immunity

31
Q

describe how vaccination can prevent the spread of diseases

A

-active immunity
-dead/ weakened pathogens injected
-antigen triggers antibody production by lymphocytes
-memory cells are reproduced
-no host for pathogen to spread to

32
Q

define drug

A

any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects the chemical reactions in the body

33
Q

define antibiotics & example

A

medicinal drugs that kill bacteria
eg. penicillin

34
Q

how to antibiotics work

A

-prevent bacterial cell wall form developing
-prevent ribosomes & enzymes from working
-prevent bacteria form reproducing

35
Q

why do antibiotics not kill viruses

A

-viruses don’t contain bacterial cells/ cell wall/ enzymes/ ribosomes

36
Q

cause of viral infections

A

-viruses
-so you can’t treat them with antibiotics (antibiotics are only effective against bacteria)

37
Q

reasons that antibiotics can lose their effectiveness

A

-antibiotics used to treat viral infections
-large scale use of antibiotics as a disease prevention
-mutations occur in the bacteria

38
Q

how does bacteria develop antibiotic resistance

A

-mutation occurs
-most bacteria are not resistant
-after exposure to antibiotics, non- resistant bacteria die
-resistant bacteria survive & can multiply & pass their resistance by plasmid to the remaining non- resistant bacteria

39
Q

define MRSA

A

bacteria that are resistant to most antibiotics

39
Q

way antibiotic resistance can be prevented

A

-complete course of antibiotic
-only use antibiotics when prescribed
-don’t overuse antibiotics
-farmers should not use antibiotics to prevent infenction

bio (22 decks)

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