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bio > B7 - human diet (B7.1), nutrients, digestive system, digestion > Flashcards

B7 - human diet (B7.1), nutrients, digestive system, digestion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which organs are part of the alimentary canal

A

-mouth
-oesophagus
-stomach
-Duodenum
-Ileum
-colon
-rectum
-anus

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2
Q

what is the small intestine made up of

A

-duodenum
-Ileum

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3
Q

what is the large intestine made up of

A

-colon
-rectum
-anus

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4
Q

what are the extra organs in the digestive system

A

-salivary glands
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas

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5
Q

all the organs in the digestive system

A

-mouth
-salivary glands
-oesophagus
-stomach
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas
-duodenum
-Ileum
-colon
-rectum
-anus

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6
Q

define digestion

A

break down of food (in the body- mechanical & chemical)

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7
Q

define mechanical digestion

A

break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

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8
Q

define chemical digestion

A

break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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9
Q

define ingestion

A

taking of substances into the body (eating)

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10
Q

define absorption into bloodstream

A

movement of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood

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11
Q

define assimilation

A

uptake and use of nutrients by cells

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12
Q

define egestion

A

removal of undigested food from the body as faeces

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13
Q

order of processes

A

-ingestion
-mechnical digestion
-chemical digestion
-absorption
-assimilation
-egestion

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14
Q

function of mouth

A

-food is crushed and grinded by the teeth to increase its surface area.
-food is mixed with saliva for starch digestion
-food is converted into bolus of food

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15
Q

function of salivary glands

A

-releases saliva into mouth via salivary duct
-Starch is broken down into maltose
-has hydrogen carbonate to keep alkaline pH

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16
Q

define saliva

A

mixture of water, mucus and amylase

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17
Q

what is maltose

A

sugar made of 2 glucose molecules

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18
Q

function of oesophagus

A

-tube which carries bolus by peristalsis to the stomach from mouth

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19
Q

Define bolus

A

lump of food

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20
Q

define peristalsis

A

muscular contractions

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21
Q

function of stomach

A

-stored food here for 1-2 h
-churns food with muscular walls (peristalsis) into liquid
-liquid is called chyme
-the wall releases gastric juice which contains Hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria, pepsin to digest protein and mucus to protect the wall

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22
Q

function of gastric juices

A

-has HCl: kill bacteria and maintain pH
-has pepsin
-mucus to protect stomach

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23
Q

functions of HCl

A

-kill bacteria in food to prevent food poisoning
-maintain optimum pH for enzyme pepsin to digest protein

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24
Q

function of pepsin

A

-is a protease
-digests protein in stomach

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25
Q

function of small intestine: duodenum

A

-where stomach acid is neutralised by alkaline pancreatic juices and bile which flow to duodenum

26
Q

function of pancreatic juices

A

-has sodium hydrogen carbonate (alkaline) to neutralise HCl
-contains lipase for lipids, amylase for starch, trypsin for protein

27
Q

function of ileum

A

-digestion is completed here
-produces intestinal juice with protease, amylase, maltase and lipase
-products of digestion- glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol- are absorbed into millions villi into the bloodstream and lacteal (lymphatic system)
-contain lots of long villi to increase surface area for adsorption

28
Q

function of pancreas

A

-a gland which releases pancreatic juices into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

29
Q

function of liver

A

-makes bile
-converts glucose into stored glycogen (assimilation)
-removes excess amino acids by deamination

30
Q

function of bile

A

-bile salt
-made in live
-stored in gall bladder
-released into duodenum through bile duct
-emulsifies fats to increase surface area for chemical digestion
-alkaline to neutralise HCl from stomach- pancreatic enzymes optimum pH is 7.5-8

31
Q

define emulsification

A

-physical process that breaks down large fat droplets into small fat droplets to provide large surface area for fat digestion by lipase

32
Q

function of gall bladder

A

-stores bile
-releases bile via the bile duct

33
Q

function of colon

A

-absorbs remaining water and salts from undigested foods

34
Q

function of rectum

A

-forms and stores faeces until egestion

35
Q

what are faeces made up of

A

-fiber
-bacteria
-dead cells

36
Q

function of anus

A

-removes faeces by egastion
-has sphincter muscles to control when egestion happens

37
Q

where does ingestion happen, how

A

-mouth (food enters body)

38
Q

where does mechanical digestion happen, how

A

-mouth (using teeth)
-stomach (churns food)
-duodenum (bile emulsifies fats)
-liver (has bile)

39
Q

where does chemical digestion happen, how

A

-salivary glands (saliva)
-stomach (pepsin)
-duodenum (pancreatic juices)
-ileum (intestinal juices)
-pancreas (pancreatic juices)

40
Q

where does egestion happen, how

A

-anus (removal of faeces)

41
Q

where does absorption happen, how

A

-duodenum
-ileum (long villi)
-colon (water absorption)

42
Q

where does assimilation happen, how

A

-liver (glucose to glycogen)

43
Q

how are food molecules broken down

A

-hydrolysis reactions
-enzymes
-both on top of arrow

44
Q

why is physical digestion needed

A

-break down large food piece into small pieces using teeth/ peristalsis/ bile
-increase surface area of enzymes to digest

45
Q

why is chemical digestion needed

A

-to break down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules using enzymes
-so it can be absorbed

46
Q

example of physical digestion

A

-teeth chewing
-peristalsis
-bile

47
Q

how is fat digested

A

-teeth breaks it down to small pieces
-bile salt emulsifies it
-lipase breaks it down to fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

how is protein digested

A

-teeth breaks it to smaller pieces
-pepsin in stomach
-trypsin in pancreatic juice to amino acids

49
Q

how is starch digested

A

-teeth breaks it into smaller pieces
-amylase in saliva
-amylase in pancreatic juice to maltose
-maltase to glucose

50
Q

-site of action
-substrate and products
-secreted from
-types
amylase

A

-salivary amylase
-from salivary gland
-in mouth

-pancreatic amylase
-from pancreatic juice
-in duodenum

-starch to maltose

51
Q

-site of action
-substrate and products
-secreted from
-types
protease

A

-pepsin
-from stomach wall
-in stomach
-protein to peptides/ amino acids

-trypsin
-from pancreas
-in duodenum
-protein to dipeptides/ amino acids

-peptidase
-from ileum wall
-in ileum
-peptides to amino acids

52
Q

-site of action
-substrate and products
-secreted from
-types
lipase

A

-pancreatic lipase
-from pancreas
-in duodenum
-triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

53
Q

what are reducing sugars

A

maltose

54
Q

is bile an enzyme, if not what

A

-no
-emulsifying agent

55
Q

what do you use to test for starch, reducing sugar, lipids, protein

A

-iodine reagent
-benedict reagent
-ethanol emulsion
-biuret reagent

56
Q

what is test for lipids called

A

emulsion test

57
Q

colours of starch, reducing sugars, lipids, protein (positive)

A

-brown - blue-black
-blue- green, yellow, orange, brick red
-colourless- cloudy emulsion
-blue- purple

58
Q

steps to test for starch

A

-iodine
-check for colour change

59
Q

steps to test for reducing sugars

A

-distilled water if food is dry
-benedicts
-put tube in beaker of water at 80C for 3 mins
-check for colour change

60
Q

steps to test for lipids

A

-ethanol
-place bung and shake
-put liquid in distilled water (not food too)
-check for emulsion

61
Q

steps to test for protein

A

-distilled water if food is dry
-add biuret
-check for colour change

62
Q

pH of fatty acids

A

acidic

bio (22 decks)

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