B18 - organisms and their environment, carbon cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

define the sun

A

Sun is the principal source of energy input into biological systems

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2
Q

describe the energy transfer from the entering to leaving

A

-energy enters the ecosystem from the sun to the first trophic level in the form of light energy
- light energy is converted into chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis
-eventually all the energy leave the ecosystem as heat energy by respiration or lost and used in each trophic level

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3
Q

what does it mean by energy flow being non-cynical

A

not recycled, you cant give energy back to the plants once it reaches the top of the food chain

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4
Q

what do arrows show

A

direction of energy transfer

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5
Q

define food chains

A

shows transfer of energy from 1 organism to the next beginning with a producer

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6
Q

define food webs

A

a network of interconnected food chains

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7
Q

why are food webs better than food chains

A

food webs show the relationships between multiple organisms

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8
Q

define trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain/ web

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9
Q

define producer

A

an organism that make sit own organic nutrients usually using energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis (1 trophic level)

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10
Q

define consumer

A

an organism that gets it energy by feeding on other organisms

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11
Q

define predator

A

an organism at the top of the food chain/web and are not killed by other organisms

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12
Q

define herbivore

A

an animal that gets its energy only from plants

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13
Q

define carnivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating other organisms

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14
Q

define primary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a producer

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15
Q

define secondary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a primary consumer

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16
Q

define tertiary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a secondary consumer

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17
Q

define quaternary consumer

A

organism that feeds on a tertiary consumer

18
Q

define decomposers

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material

19
Q

what makes up decomposers

A

fungi and bacteria

20
Q

state and explain the 3 things needed for decomposition

A
  • heat - needed for optimum temperature for activity of enzymes and fast decomposition - gotten through respiration
  • oxygen - needed for aerobic respiration to release energy to drive metabolism - without: slow and smelly decomposition
  • water - many decompositions reactions are hydrolysis reactions so its needed to dissolve the broken down product before they can be absorbed
21
Q

2 importance of decomposers in the ecosystem

A

-remove dead organisms and waste from the environment
-release minerals from dead organisms that living organisms can use
eg, nitrate, magnesium ions

22
Q

name 2 human impacts on the food chain/webs

A

-overharvesting
-introduction of foreign species into a habitat

23
Q

define overharvesting and give an examples

A

humans removing more organisms than can be replaced by reproduction = unsustainable
eg, Atlantic cod

24
Q

what are the 3 impacts of overharvesting

A
  • unbale to reproduce = population falls
  • causes extinction
  • impacts the whole food chain/ web
25
Q

define introduction of foreign species to a habitat and give an example

A

non-native species are introduced to the habitat
eg, cane toad

26
Q

what are the 3 impacts of introduction of foreign species to a habitat

A
  • kill native species
  • compete for food/ disrupts the food web
  • destroys habitat
27
Q

how much energy is transferred to the next trophic level

A

10%

28
Q

how much energy is lost in each trophic level

A

90%

29
Q

how much energy is absorbed by producers

A

8%

30
Q

what are the 3 ways energy is lost

A
  • as heat / respiration
  • some parts of the organism are uneaten like bones and teeth or indigestible like fiber. (They contain energy because they can release heat when burned)
  • lost as faeces (egestion), not all are digested, excretion, urine
31
Q

what is the usual number of trophic levels, why

A

5, because there is so much energy loss that there is usually not enough to support more than 5 trophic levels

32
Q

why does eating producers directly give more energy than eating animals

A

more energy is lost if there is an extra trophic level

33
Q

what implications does the energy efficiency have for the world food population

A

not eating animals = more land for crops = feed more people

34
Q

how much is 1 kilocalorie in kilojoules

A

4.2KJ

35
Q

what does a pyramid of biomass represent and how do you get the value

A

the biomass of each trophic level at any one time
no. of organisms x mass of each organism

36
Q

what is the unit used for pyramid of biomass

A

kilojoules per meter squared

37
Q

what 3 important food are carbon atoms part of

A

carbohydrates, fats and protein molecules

38
Q

where is carbon released from and by who

A

from dead organisms by decomposers

39
Q

name all the process that take place in the carbon cycle

A

photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, fossilisation, combustion

40
Q

which is the only process where carbon is taken from the atmosphere

A

photosynthesis

41
Q

which processes give carbon back to the atmosphere

A

respiration, combustion