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bio > B11 - gas exchange (respiratory system) > Flashcards

B11 - gas exchange (respiratory system) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 11 parts in a lung structure

A

-larynx (voice box)
-trachea
-bronchus
-bronchioles
-alveoli
-diaphragm
-ribs
-intercostal muscles
-external costal muscles
-lungs
-pleural fluids and pleural membrane

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2
Q

what’s the function of larynx (voice box)

A

-air passes through
-vocal cords vibrate to make sound

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3
Q

what’s the function of bronchus

A

-split from trachea
-2 of them
-left bronchi to left lung , right bronchi to right lung
- narrower than trachea

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3
Q

what’s the function of trachea

A

-an open tube with C-shaped rings of cartilage (this makes it strong and allows it to move)
-carries air to bronchus
-lined with goblet cells and ciliated cells

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4
Q

what’s the function of bronchioles

A

-split from bronchus
-very narrow branch that leads to the alveoli

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5
Q

what’s the function of alveoli

A

-site of gas exchange
-1 cell thick
-covered with network of blood capillaries

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6
Q

what’s the function of ribs

A

-protect lungs

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7
Q

what’s the function of lungs

A

-made up of millions of alveoli

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8
Q

what’s the function of intercostal muscles

A

-lower rib cage

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9
Q

what’s the function of external costal muscles

A

-lift rib cage

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10
Q

what’s the function of pleural membrane

A

-lubricates when lungs move (reduce friction)

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11
Q

what’s the function of pleural fluid

A

-lubricates when lungs move (reduce friction)

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12
Q

what’s the function of diaphragm

A

-a sheet of muscle
-separate respiratory system from the lower part of the body
-contracts (goes down) in inhalation / moves up and down

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13
Q

what is throat

A

pharynx

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14
Q

what is chest

A

thorax

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15
Q

composition of oxygen in inspired air

A

21%

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16
Q

composition of oxygen in expired air

A

16%

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17
Q

composition of carbon dioxide in inspired air

A

0.04%

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18
Q

composition of carbon dioxide in expired air

A

4%

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19
Q

composition of nitrogen in inspired and expired air

A

78%

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20
Q

composition of water vapor in inspired air

A

variable

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21
Q

composition of water vapor in expired air

A

saturated

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22
Q

composition of other gases (eg. argon) in inspired and expired air

A

less than 0.1%

23
Q

composition of temperature in inspired air

A

variable

23
Q

composition of temperature in expired air

A

37 degrees (warm)

24
Q

reason for difference in composition of oxygen in inspired and expired air

A

-oxygen is used up in aerobic respiration

25
Q

reason for difference in composition of carbon dioxide in inspired and expired air

A

-carbon dioxide is a waste product of aerobic respiration

26
Q

reason for no difference in composition of nitrogen in inspired and expired air

A

-nitrogen is not used in aerobic respiration

27
Q

reason for difference in composition of water vapor in inspired and expired air

A

-water is a waste product of aerobic respiration

28
Q

reason for difference in composition of other gases in inspired and expired air

A

-they are not used in aerobic respiration

29
Q

reason for difference in composition of temperature in inspired and expired air

A

-heat energy is released during aerobic respiration

30
Q

carbon dioxide in expired air experiment

A

-2 tubes of lime water
-a mouth piece connected to 2 separate tubes- on touches the limewater in the tube, other doesn’t
-when breathe in - tube with tube not in limewater bubbles - air from room is drawn, air contains little carbon dioxide so limewater stays same
-when breathe out - tube with tube in line water bubbles - expired air is released and contains lots of carbon dioxide - lime water turn milky white

31
Q

oxygen in expired air experiment

A

-have a burning candle in a jar with normal air - candle burns for a while
-have a burning candle in a jar with expired air - candle burns for a short while
-there is little oxygen in expired air than inspired air - candle burns shorter in expired air

32
Q

What does alveolus have in them

A

a layer of moisture

33
Q

what does the layer of moisture in alveolus do

A

dissolve oxygen

34
Q

4 advantageous features of alveolus

A

-large surface area
-1 cell thick
-network of capillaries surround the alveolus
-well ventilated

35
Q

how does a large surface area help the alveolus

A

-many molecules can diffuse across at the same time - increases rate of diffusion

36
Q

how does being 1 cell thick help the alveolus

A

-short distance for diffusion - increases rate of diffusion

37
Q

how does a network of capillaries surround the alveolus help the alveolus

A

-the moving blood brings carbon dioxide and remove oxygen

38
Q

how does well ventilation help the alveolus

A

-keeps oxygen concentration high - 21%
-keeps carbon dioxide concentration low- 0.04%
-maintains a steep concentration gradient for diffusion to take place - steep = increased rate of diffusion

39
Q

order of process when inhaling

A

-ventilation (breathing)
-gas exchange
-aerobic respiration

40
Q

define ventilation

A

-movement of air in and out of lungs by breathing movement

41
Q

define gas exchange

A

-diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of an organism’s body

42
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

-chemical reaction in cell that break down nutrient molecules and release energy using oxygen

43
Q

Note: when finding left and right of a diagram- their right is your left

A
44
Q

experiment to investigate the effects of physical activity on breathing rate

A

-rest for 1 minute
-count the number of breathes taken in 30s and double it
-run for 1 minute
-count the number of breathes taken in 30s and double it

45
Q

what is depth of breathing also called

A

tidal volume

46
Q

what measures the tidal volume and breathing rate

A

spirometer

47
Q

explain the cause of increased breathing rate and depth

A
  • increased muscle contraction
  • more energy
  • more aerobic respiration - more oxygen needed and carbon dioxide produced
  • increased carbon dioxide in blood
  • makes carbonic acid - toxic (ph decreases)
  • brain senses drop in ph in blood
  • brain sends nerve impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increases rate and depth of breathing
  • increased ventilation
  • more gas exchange
48
Q

where is the highest concentration of oxygen in an alveolus

A

in the alveolus

49
Q

note: when a Q asks to explain the difference in breathing before and after exercise - add cause + reason 1/2 of cause

A

eg. breathing rate is faster because more energy needed

49
Q

note: answer Q carefully based on what the Q wants

A
50
Q

effect of exercise on pattern of breathing

A

-increased breathing rate / depth
- (due to) increased carbon dioxide concentration in blood
- (because) carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration

51
Q

what does increased breathing rate do

A

-increased tidal volume

52
Q

what does increased heart rate do

A

-transport oxygenated blood faster

53
Q

why do you repeat experiment many times

A

-allows mean to be calculated
-can find anomalies

bio (22 decks)

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