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B15 - Reproduction (sexual & asexual) Flashcards

1
Q

Define asexual reproduction & examples

A

-process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from 1 parent
eg. bacteria, fungi, plants (potato tubers, strawberry runners)

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2
Q

Advantages of asexual repoduction

A

-fast process
-can colonize new areas quickly
-needs only 1 individual
-genetically identical (favorable characteristics can pass on - artificial selection)
-if parents are well adapted to the environment, offspring will be too

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3
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

-little variation
-disease/ change in environment will kill all organisms; limited adaptability
-no dispersal; competition with parents
-negative traits are passed on

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4
Q

why is a population produced asexually unlikely to survive

A

-little genetic diversity
-offspring is only adapted to the environment of parent plant

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5
Q

define sexual reproduction & example

A

-process involving the fusion of the nuclei of 2 gametes to form a zygote & produce genetically different offspring
eg. humans, flowering plants

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6
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

-genetic variation
-seed dispersal; no competition with parents
-can adapt to changes
-negative traits may not be passed on
-natural selection can occur
-can colonize new areas

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7
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

-needs 2 parents
-slow process
-lots of seeds are wasted
-fertilization may not happen
-needs a pollinating agent
-good characteristics may not be passed on
-less energy efficient

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8
Q

define species

A

-group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
-only organisms of the same species can interbreed & produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

define diploid nucleus & example

A

-nucleus contains 2 sets of chromo.
eg. body cells

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10
Q

define haploid nucleus & example

A

-nucleus contains 1 set of chromo.
eg. gametes

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11
Q

define pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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12
Q

define agent of pollination

A

method of transfer

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13
Q

2 main agents of pollination

A

-insect
-wind

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14
Q

features of an insect pollinated flower

A

-carpel
-stigma
-style
-ovary
-stamen
-anther
-filament
-ovule
-pollen grains
-nectary
-petals
-sepal

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15
Q

female part of an insect pollinated flower

A

-carpel:
-stigma
-style
-ovary

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16
Q

male part of an insect pollinated flower

A

-stamen:
-anther
-filament

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17
Q

functions of the carpel

A

-stigma - receiver pollen, sticky
-style - holds the stigma, pollen tube goes down it to the ovary
-ovary - produces ovules, site of fertilisation

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18
Q

functions of the stamen

A

-anther - produces pollen grains
-filament - supports the anther

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19
Q

functions of ovule

A

-contains female gametes, develops into the seed when fertilized

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20
Q

functions of the pollen grains

A

-contains male gametes

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21
Q

functions of nectary

A

-produces necter

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22
Q

function of nectar

A

-sugary fluid that attracts insects to feed

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23
Q

function of petals

A

-attracts insects for pollination; brightly coloured, scent, honey guidelines

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24
Q

function of sepal

A

protects the flower when in bud (before maturity)

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25
adaptation differences between insect & wind pollinated flowers: petals
-insect pollinated: brightly coloured, large, scented, honey guidelines -wind pollinated: small, inconspicuous, dull colours -reason - wind doesn't need to attract insects
26
adaptation differences between insect & wind pollinated flowers: anthers
-insect pollinated: upright, not flexible, inside the flower -wind pollinated: hangs loosely/ dangles, outside the flower -reason - wind can dislodge the pollen
27
adaptation differences between insect & wind pollinated flowers: pollen
-insect pollinated: large, spikey/ sticky, smaller quantities -wind pollinated: light, smooth, small, larger quantities -reason - more aerodynamic (increase air time), larger quantity increases the chances of pollination
28
adaptation differences between insect & wind pollinated flowers: stigma
-insect pollinated: small surface area, flat, sticky, inside the flower -wind pollinated: long, feathery, hangs outside the flower -reason - feathery stigma = larger surface area to trap pollen
29
adaptation differences between insect & wind pollinated flowers: nectaries
-insect pollinated: yes -wind pollinated: no -reason - no need to attract insects
30
define fertilisation in plants
-when a pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
31
seed & fruit formation
-zygote develops into an embryo & then a seed -ovary wall increases in size, often becoming fleshy & develops into a fruit
32
define germination
process of a seed developing into a seedling
33
factors of germination
-water: activates enzymes & splits the seed coat -oxygen: for aerobic respiration to release energy for growth from the stored sugar -suitable temp: optimum temp for enzyme activity
34
how to control the factors of germination
-water - wet & dry cotton wool -oxygen - layer of oil in cooled boiled water -suitable temp - thermostatically controlled water bath
35
why add 20 seeds in the petri dish for experiment on germination
-to produce reliable results
36
define fertilization in humans
fusion of the nuclei from a male & female gamete
37
features of the male reproductive system
-seminal vesicles -prostate glands -sperm ducts -urethra -penis -epididymis -testes -scrotum
38
note: for men, urine cannot mix with sperm so cannot pee while ejaculation
39
what is semen made of
sperm & seminal fluid
40
what does Seminal fluid contain & its use
-provides a medium for the sperm to swim in -includes fructose sugar & alkaline salts to neutralize vaginal mucus
41
function of scrotum
-bag of skin that holds the testes outside the body to maintain optimum temp for sperm production
42
function of testes
-produces male sex hormones, testosterone -produced male gametes, sperm
43
function of epididymis
-stores sperm (3-4 days) -where sperm mature (enables them to swim)
44
function of penis
-inserted into the vagina for intercourse when errect
45
function of sperm ducts
-carry sperm from testes to urethra -by a wave of contractions during ejaculation
46
function of seminal vesicles
-produces seminal fluid
47
function of prostate gland
-produces seminal fluid -joins the sperm during ejaculation
48
function of urethra
-carries semen out of the body during ejaculation -carries urine from bladder
49
features of the female reproductive system
-oviduct -uterus -cervix -vagina -uterus lining -ovary
50
function of ovary
-2 round structures attached to the abdominal wall -produces female gametes -produces oestrogen & progestrone -releases 1 egg per 28 days
51
function of oviduct
-tube btw ovary & uterus -site for fertilization -transfers egg from ovary to uterus by peristalsis & cilia
52
function of uterus lining
-spongy tissue -site of implantation -repaired by oestrogen, thickens by progesterone -sheds during menstruation
53
function of uterus
-muscular wall chamber -when embryo develops -muscles contract during labour to dilate cervix & pull the baby out
54
function of cervix
-ring of muscle between uterus & vagina -dilates during labour
55
function of vagina
-muscular tube -lined with cell that produce mucus -received penis during intercourse -semen is deposited at the top
56
Sperm features
-haploid nucleus; contains 1 set of chromosomes -head -acrosome -mid piece -flagellum
57
egg features
-haploid nucleus -cytoplasm -jellycoat
58
sperm: -site of production -numbers produced -mobility -size
-testes -300 million per day -swims using flagellum -0.05mm
59
egg: -site of production -numbers produced -mobility -size
-ovary -1 every 28 days -does not move independent by can be moved by oviduct -0.1mm
60
adaptations of sperm
-flagellum - helps the sperm swim toward ovum (egg) -acrosome - contains digestive enzymes that digest the jelly coat of the egg -lots of mitochondria - aerobic respiration to release energy to swim
61
adaptations of egg
-food energy stores - provides nutrients for the zygote to develop in the uterus -jelly coat - changes after fertilization to prevent more than 1 sperm from entering to ensure offspring has the right amount of DNA
62
what causes secondary sexual characteristics to appear & when
-by sex hormones (testosterone & oestrogen) -during puberty
63
Male secondary sexual characteristics
-extra hair on face & body -muscles to develop -penis & testes enlarge -sperm production -deepening of voice
64
Female secondary sexual characteristics
-extra hair on underarms & pubic area -hips widen -development of breasts -egg release & start of period
65
what does the menstrual cycle include
-ovarian cycle -uterine cycle -change in hormones
66
What does oestrogen & progesterone do
-oestrogen - repairs the uterus lining -progesterone - thickens the uterus lining -when both drops, mensuration is triggered
67
stages in the menstrual cycle
1) mensuration - uterus lining breaks down & passes through vagina (1-5 days) 2) in the ovary, an immature egg (oocyte) matures in a follicle. The follicle release oestrogen (6-13 days) 3) ovulation - egg is release from ovary (14 day) 4) corpus luteum releases progesterone after ovulation to prepare for pregnancy (15-21 days) 5) If not pregnant, oestrogen & progesterone levels will drop & trigger menstruation 6) if pregnant, oestrogen & progesterone are maintained to prevent mensuration -lasts for 28 days
68
define Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
-an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact eg. HIV, HPV, syphilis, chlamydia
69
define HIV
-Human Immunodeficiency virus -pathogen that causes STI, may lead to AIDS
70
does all HIV positive people have AIDS
-Acquired Immuno-Deficiency syndrome -no, untreated HIV targets your immune system which will become progressively weaker
71
Methods to prevent the spread of STI
-education/ awareness -abstinence -use a condom -limit the number of sexual partners -screen blood -don't re-use needles -caesarian birth -bottle feed baby -get tested -take medication to reduce risk

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