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bio > B16 - chromosomes & genes, cell division, monohybrid inheritance > Flashcards

B16 - chromosomes & genes, cell division, monohybrid inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which cell has no nucleus

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

which cells are haploid

A

gametes

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3
Q

which cells are diploid

A

all body cells except gametes & red blood cells

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4
Q

how many chromo. & sets in haploid in humans

A

n = 23
(n = a set of chromo.)

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5
Q

how many chromo. & sets in diploid in humans

A

2n = 46
-23 pairs
(n = a set of chromo.)

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6
Q

note: no. chromo. varies depending on organisms

A
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7
Q

how do you number the human chromo.

A

-largest pair is 1st
-last pair is 23rd pair (sex chromo.)

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8
Q

how long is DNA in each nucleus

A

2m

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9
Q

what is 1 chromo. to DNA

A

-1 chromo. = 1 DNA molecule

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10
Q

note: nucleus - chromosome - gene - allele - DNA - bases

A
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11
Q

how many bases code 1 amino acid

A

every 3

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12
Q

define inheritance

A

transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
eg. eye colour, hair colour, height

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13
Q

define chromosome

A

-made of DNA which contains genetic info in the form of genes
eg.
-46 chromo. (23 pairs) in every nucleus - 23 from sperm, 23 from egg
-arranged in pairs

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14
Q

define gene

A

-a length of DNA that codes for a protein
-eg. brown eyed protein

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15
Q

define Allele

A

-an alternative version of a gene
-eg. brown eyed allele

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16
Q

define haploid nucleus

A

-nucleus containing a single set of chromo.
eg. gametes, pollen & ovaries

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17
Q

define diploid nucleus

A

-nucleus containing 2 sets of chromo.
eg. in all body cells (2n = 46 [in pairs])

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18
Q

define gametes

A

sex cells ( sperm & egg)

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19
Q

define zygote

A

-fertilized egg

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20
Q

how to make a zygote

A

-sperm + egg -> zygote
- 23 chromo. [n] + 23 chromo. [n] -> 46 chromo [2n]

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21
Q

23rd chromo. of males & females

A

-male = XY
-female = XX

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22
Q

chromo. of egg

A

X, X

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23
Q

chromo. of sprem

A

X, Y
-50% - X, 50% - Y

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24
Q

% of gender out come as girl/ boy

A

50%

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25
Q

define mitosis

A

-nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
(diploid -> diploid)

26
Q

note: mitosis happens after DNA replication

A

2n - 2n - (mitosis) n

27
Q

where does mitosis happen

A

-in all body cells except red blood cells & gametes

28
Q

how does mitosis happen

A

-DNA replicates = 2 copied of 46 chromo.
-cell divides
-each copy in a daughter cell

29
Q

how many daughter cells in mitosis

A

2

30
Q

roles of mitosis for humans

A

-growth
-repair of damaged tissues
-replacement of cells

31
Q

roles for mitosis for humans and animals

A

-growth
-repair of damaged tissues
-replacement of cells
-asexual reproduction

32
Q

how are daughter cells in mitosis to each other & parent cell

A

genetically identical to each other & parent cell

33
Q

what do you call the cell before it divides

A

parent cell

34
Q

define meiosis

A

reduction division in which the chromo. no. is halving from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically diff. cells
(need for sexual reproduction)
(haploid-> diploid -> haploid)

35
Q

where does meiosis happen

A

-ovaries & testicles

36
Q

how does meiosis happen

A

-DNA replicates = 2 copies of 23 chromo.
-chromo. pairs pair up and sections of DNA is swapped randomly- so genetically diff.
-first division = chromo in pairs are separated & cell divides
-second division = no DNA replication, chromo. pairs are separated- only chromo. now, cell divides

37
Q

how many daughter cells in meiosis

A

4

38
Q

roles of meiosis

A

-reduction division: diploid -> haploid
-genetic variation (genetically diff. daughter cells)
-making gametes

39
Q

how many division in mitosis & meiosis

A

-mitosis = 1
-meiosis = 2

40
Q

how are daughter cells in meiosis to each other & parent cell

A

genetically diff. to each other & parent cell

41
Q

where is chromo. found in cells

A

nucleus

42
Q

define genotype

A

genetic make up of an organism in terms of an allele present
(always in 2 symbols)
eg, BB, Bb, bb

43
Q

define phenotype

A

observable features of an organism
(always in words)
eg, brown eyes, blue eyes, curly hair

44
Q

define homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
eg, BB, bb

45
Q

define heterozygous

A

having 2 alleles of a particular gene
eg, Bb

46
Q

define pure bred

A

2 identical homozygous individuals breed tgt
eg, BB & BB, bb & bb

47
Q

define not pure bred

A

2 heterozygous individuals will not pure breed

48
Q

define dominant allele

A

allele that is expressed if it is in the genotype
(always first letter & capital)

49
Q

define recessive allele

A

allele only expressed when there is no dominant allele in the gene
(always small letter)

50
Q

another name for punnett squares

A

genetic diagram

51
Q

which genotype is parental cross btw

A

eg, RR x rr
homozygous dominant & recessive

52
Q

phenotype ratios for dominant to recessive in parental cross

A

1: 0
100% dominant allele in all

53
Q

which genotype is F1 cross btw

A

eg, Rr x Rr
heterozygous dominant

54
Q

phenotype ratios for dominant to recessive in F1 cross

A

3: 1
75% dominant allele in all

55
Q

which genotype is test cross btw

A

eg, Rr x rr
heterozygous dominant & homozygous recessive

56
Q

phenotype ratios for dominant to recessive in test cross

A

1: 1
50% dominant allele in all

57
Q

how many alleles do gamete have

A

1

58
Q

how many alleles do genotype have

A

2

59
Q

where does mitosis happen in plants, say 1

A

ovary

60
Q

where does mitosis happen in animals, say 1

A

testis

61
Q

why is mitosis important for gametes

A

maintains diploid number on fertilisation

bio (20 decks)

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